Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration

• To make a usable energy from organic compounds
  (food chemicals) like lipids, proteins, and
  carbohydrates.
• Food ? ATP which is an energy-rich chemical used
  by cells as fuel to do its metabolism. We need
  the energy!
• Respiration process begins in the cytoplasm just
  outside mitochondria but most of it happens
  inside the mitochondria.

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Overview of photosynthesis and respiration
SUN
RADIANT ENERGY
CELL ACTIVITIES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
GLUCOSE
ATP(ENERGY)
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Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration allows organisms to use
  (release) the energy stored in glucose (sugar).
  The energy in glucose is first used to produce
  ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their energy needs.
  Cellular respiration is therefore a process in
  which the energy in glucose is transferred to
  ATP.
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O energy

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Mitochondria
The organelle where cellular respiration takes
place
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Respiration
Stage 1
Stage 2
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• A. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are broken
  into smaller molecules in the cytoplasm.
• B. Oxygen enters by diffusion.
• C. D.
• Carbon dioxide gas and water are produced as
  waste products along with ATP.

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Cellular Respiration-all eukaryotes do it!

• STEP 1
• Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) occurs in the
  cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria. This
  produces a little ATP chemical energy.

STEP 2 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs
inside of mitochondria where most of the ATP
molecules are made.
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Glucose
glycolysis
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate

• The first step is called glycolysis. It occurs in
  the cytosol.
• During glycolysis, a glucose molecule (6 carbons)
  is converted to two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons
  each).
• It does not require oxygen (it is anaerobic).
• A total of 2 ATP are gained as a result of these
  reactions.

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Aerobic Respiration
Glucose
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
34 more ATP
Oxygen
Aerobic respiration occurs in the
mitochondrion. It requires oxygen (it is
aerobic). It produces an additional 34 ATP.
Aerobic respiration
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Fermentation
Glucose
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
0 ATP
34 more ATP
Oxygen
No oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Fermentation
Fermentation occurs if there is no oxygen
present. It does not produce additional ATP.
Alcohol CO2 (yeast, plants)
Lactate (animals)
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Fermentation
Glucose
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
0 ATP
34 more ATP
No oxygen
Oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Fermentation
The waste products of fermentation are alcohol or
lactate.
Lactate (animals)
Alcohol CO2 (yeast, plants)
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Cellular Respiration
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Its all about the ATP!
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Carbon Cycle
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The Carbon Cycle of Life!!
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Let us do some comparisons!

• Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy of glucose released
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off
Oxygen taken in
Produces sugars from PGAL
Produces CO2 and H2O
Does not require light
Requires light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll
Occurs in all living cells
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• YES! Anaerobic Respiration or FERMENTATION takes
  place!

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• FERMENTATION
• 2 Kinds
• Lactic Acid
• Alcoholic
• Both kinds only use GLYCOLYSIS
• How many ATPs does that mean they make?

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Fermentation without oxygen
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Fermentation

• There are two main products besides ATP energy
  and CO2 produced
• Alcohol (fungi and plants)
• Lactic Acid (all animal cells and
  bacteria)
• Fermenting yeast produces the alcohol in beer and
  wine. In fact, the smell of fresh baked bread and
  rising dough can be attributed to alcohol
  produced from yeast.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Anaerobic
• Produces burning feeling in muscle cells
• Occurs when body worked to point that more oxygen
  being used than taken in
• Produces LACTIC ACID and 2 ATP

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Alcoholic
• Anaerobic
• Carried out by some bacteria and yeast
• Used to bake bread and make wine
• Produces CO2, Ethyl Alcohol, and 2 ATP

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Let us do some comparisons!

• Fermentation vs. Cellular Respiration

Comparison of Fermentation to Cellular Respiration
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic
Cellular respiration
glucose
glucose
glucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
water
alcohol
2 ATP
2 ATP
38 ATP
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Check it!

• Which of the following yields the greatest net
  ATP?

A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Alcoholic fermentation
C. Calvin cycle
D. Cellular respiration
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The End!
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Fermentation Making ATP without oxygen
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Making Cheese by Fermentation
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Making of Cheese, Yogurt, Etc.

• Primary microflora are fermentative lactic acid
  bacteria which cause the milk to curdle. This
  accumulation of acid (H ions) decreases the pH
  of the milk and cause the casein to coagulate and
  curdle into curds and whey. Curds are large,
  white clumps of casein and other proteins.
• They consists of certain kinds of bacteria like
  Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus that
  are intentionally added to pasteurized milk and
  grown at 30C or 37C.

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Without microbes, we would not be able to eat
many types of different food that we enjoy today.
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Who cut the cheese?
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The Evolution of the Energy Organelles

• Biologists theorize that mitochondria and
  chloroplasts probably descendants of primitive
  prokaryotes that engulfed by the ancestors of
  eukaryotic cells!!
• Endosymbiotic Theory

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• GLYCOLOSIS
• Glucose is basic 6-carbon sugar.
• It is broken down to two 3-carbon molecules and
  two ATP molecules are made!

                                  
Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm outside of
the mitochiondria.
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis can happen without oxygen!
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The Kreb or Citric Acid Cycle It makes a whole of
ATP molecules!! 36 per one molecule of glucose!
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Summary of Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
                                                  
                                       Glycolysis
Carbon Dioxide is produced because eventually the
6-carbon glucose molecule is broken down to just
one carbon in CO2 .
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The hydrogen ions move across the membrane by
passive transport which drives a protein to make
ATP!
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ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
ATP is what the cell uses for energy to do all
its chemistry! It breaks off a
phosphate molecule (P) anytime it needs energy.
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ATP

• It is made by proteins in the inner membrane of
  the Mitochondria.
• It is portable energy!! Can easily be moved or
  diffuse to all parts of cell.

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