Chapter 1: part 2

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Chapter 1 part 2

• History of microbiology

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History

• Robert Hooke (1665) Cell theory
• Living matter is composed of one or more cells
• Cells are the functional units of all cells
• Cells arise from other or preexisting cells

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Robert Hooke was the first to describe
microorganisms
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History lesson

• 17th century Leeuwenhoek invention of the
  microscope microscopic organisms animalcules
  first to describe bacteria
• 18th century Jenners small pox vaccine
• 19th and 20th centruy Golden age of
  microbiology
• Microbiology studies change with technology and
  are directed by societal questions
• Where do we come from and why do we get sick?

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Leeuwenhoek is the first to describe bacteria

• Different shapes of bacteria

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19th century Cohn

• Botanist who thought that algae and
  photosynthetic bacteria were plants
• Founded bacteriology
• Developed sterilization for microbial media
• Bacillus and endospores heat resistant
• Cotton closures for liquid cultures
• Helped Koch develop the aseptic technique

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Spontaneous generation battles

• Can living matter originate from nonliving
  matter?
• Pasteur disproved this idea through a famous
  experiment in which he compared the growth of
  microorganisms in one flask containing sterile
  broth that was exposed to the air and one
  containing sterile broth that was not exposed to
  the air.

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Pasteur and spontaneous generation

• http//bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03
  /0302003.html

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Conclusion of Pasteurs experiment

• Microorganisms grew only in the flask exposed to
  the air, thereby refuting the idea that cells can
  arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.

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Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Disproved spontaneous generation
• Founded vaccines for anthrax, foul cholera and
  rabies
• Pasteurization
• Microbiology of fermentation reactions
• Developed aseptic techniques

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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• developed a set of postulates to prove that a
  specific microorganism causes a specific disease

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Kochs postulates

• Organism present only in diseased individuals
• Organism cultivated in pure culture from diseased
  individual

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Kochs postulates

• Organism causes disease when injected into
  healthy individuals
• Organism re-isolated from infected individual
  from point 3.

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Obtain bacteria in pure culture

• Use a solid surface
• Culture in air
• Bacterial colonies develop
• Characteristic shape and color
• Each colony arose from a single bacterial cell
  pure culture
• Start with potato slices, then gelatin and then
  agar
• Solid at room temperature

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Koch

• showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis difficult to stain
  because of a waxy lipid present in the cell wall
• Developed precursor to the acid fast stain

Difficulty growing the bug developed Blood Agar
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Rise of general microbiology

• Beijerinck (1851-1931)
• Enrichment culture
• Isolated many types of bacteria from the
  environment
• Selective isolation based on nutrient and
  incubation requirements
• Basic tenets of virology with tobacco mosaic virus

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Winogradsky (1856-1953)

• Studied physiological processes
• Nitrification
• H2S oxidation
• Nitrogen fixation
• Nitrifying bacteria
• Coined the terms chemolithotrophy (trap energy
  available in inorganic compounds) and autotrophy
  or chemoautotroph (use CO2 as a source of carbon)
• Winogradsky column

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Winogradsky
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Winogradsky
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Microbiology research today

• Genome sequencing, bioinformatics and proteomics
  (biocomputing)
• Phylogeny (renaming, reclassifying and
  determining evolutionary trends)
• Characterizing novel organisms
• AIDS
• Discovering antibiotics and understanding
  antibiotic resistance
• Medical microbiology new treatment for diseases
  and understanding diseases
• Bioremediation use microorganisms to remove
  toxic or unwanted chemicals in an environment
  clean up pollution created by humans

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History of Microbiology