Population and Urbanization

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Population and Urbanization

• Demography -- study of human population
• Fertility
• incidence of childbearing in a societys
  population.
• Fecundity -- maximum potential of childbearing
  ability of women.
• Crude birth rate -- number of live births per
  1000 of population in a given year.

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• Mortality
• Incidence of death in a societys population
• Crude death rate -- deaths per 1000 of population
  in a given year.
• Infant Mortality Rate -- deaths per 1000 among
  infants under one year .
• Life expectancy-- average life span of a
  societys population.

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• Migration
• Movement of people into and out of a specified
  territory.
• Immigration -- movement into a territory.
• emigration -- movement out of a territory.

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• Population Growth Rate -- subtract crude death
  rate from crude birth rate. Low in rich countries
  and high in poor countries.
• Population Composition
• a) Sex Ratio -- number of males per 100 females
  in a given population.
• b) Age-sex pyramid - graphic representation of
  the age and sex distribution of a population.

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POPULATION THEORIESMalthusian Perspective

• Population, if left unchecked, will tend to
  exceed the food supply.
• Checks on population can be positive (famines,
  wars) or preventive (birth control).
• For the poor, any improvement in income is lost
  to additional births.
• The wealthy and better educated already exercise
  preventive checks.

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Projected Population of the U.S. 2 or 3 Child
Average per Family
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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 1.
• Birth rate and the death rate are high.
• Population growth is modest.

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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 2.
• Birth rate remains high.
• Death rate begins to drop sharply because of
  sanitation, increased food production, medical
  advances.
• Rate of population growth is very high.
• Most sub-Saharan African countries are presently
  at this stage.

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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 3.
• The birth rate declines sharply.
• Because the death rate continues to drop,
  population growth is still rapid.

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Demographic Transition Theory Four Stages

• Stage 4.
• Birth rate and the death rate are low.
• Population grows slowly if at all.
• North America, Europe, and Japan are at this
  stage today.

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Stages of the Demographic Transition
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Global Population Trends.

• a) Zero Population Growth -- reproduction
  maintains population at a steady state. Prevalent
  in developed countries.
• b) In less developed countries -- children are
  still seen as economic assets, status of women is
  low.

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URBANIZATION

• Process by which an increasing proportion of
  population lives in cities.
• Metropolis -- large cities that exert influence
  over a region.
• Megalopolis -- overlapping area consisting of at
  least two large cities and their suburbs.
• Suburbs-- urban areas beyond the political
  boundaries of the city.

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Urbanization Trends

• Only 5 of the American population lived in urban
  areas in 1790.
• As recently as 1800, less than 3 of the worlds
  population lived in cities of 20,000 or more.
• 45 of the worlds population now lives in urban
  areas.
• In North America, 80 of the population lives in
  cities.

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• What are the problems confronting urban areas?
• Urban renewal (gentrification) -- refurbishing of
  old buildings to put them to new use.
• Read about what metropolitan statistical and
  consolidated metropolitan areas are.

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Experiencing the City

• Ferdinand Tonnies
• Gemeinschaft (community) -- people are bound
  closely together by kinship and tradition.
• Gesellschaft (society) -- people have weak social
  ties and are self interested.

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• Urbanization in Poor Countries.
• Contain most of the world largest cities.
• Cities have a tough time supporting the growing
  urban populations.
• Why are people moving to cities?
• What are the problems of urbanization in poor
  countries?