Introduction to Energy Concepts

1
Introduction to Energy Concepts
2
Energy

• Derived from Green en (in) and ergon (work) in
  work
• Forceful or vigorous language
• First definition - Aristotle
• Capacity to do Work
• Modern accepted definition
• Energy is Eternal Delight
• William Blake, 1757-1827

3
Four Basic Forms of Energy

• Kinetic 0.5 x mass x speed2
• Thermal energy of vibrating molecules within a
  material
• Electrical force between electrical charges
• Chemical electrical energy that holds molecules
  together
• Gravitational also known as potential energy
  force x distance weight x height m x g x h
• Nuclear forces that hold atoms together

4
Units of Energy

• Energy requires a force. Each form of energy has
  its own force gravity, strong weak nuclear
  forces, electrical, and kinetic forces.
• Kinetic Force Mass x Acceleration
• Unit of force 1 Newton 1 Kilogram x 1 m/s
• Energy is a measurement of work accomplished by a
  force
• Energy Force x Distance
• 1 Joule 1 Newton x 1 Meter

5
Energy and Power

• Energy is a quantity, like distance.
• 1 kilowatt-hour 1000 Watts x 1 hour
• 1 kilowatt-hour 3.6 x 106 Joules
• Power is a rate, like speed, it is the rate that
  energy is converted from one form to another.
• 1 Watt 1 Joule / Second

6
Laws of Thermodynamics

• First Law In any transformation of energy from
  one form to another, the total quantity of energy
  remains unchanged. Energy is neither created nor
  destroyed, it only changes forms.
• Second Law In all energy changes, the potential
  energy of the final state will be less than that
  of the initial state (useful energy is always
  lost.)
• Lost energy is usually energy that has been
  converted to heat, but it could be noise (kinetic
  energy of air), or other forms of wasted energy.

7
Efficiency

• The ratio of the amount of useable energy
  obtained to the amount of energy input is the
  efficiency of a process.
• This is usually expressed as a percent and it is
  always less than 100.

8
Energy definitions

• Primary Energy amount of energy contained in
  the initial source of energy
• Delivered Energy amount of useable energy
  delivered to the customer
• Useful Energy amount of energy attributed to
  the amount of work accomplished

9
Where do we get energy from and what do we use it
for?
10
Renewable vs Non-Renewable

• Solar
• Wind
• Biomass
• Hydro
• Ocean

• Coal
• Oil
• Gas
• Nuclear

11
(No Transcript)
12
Electricity Sources New England 2003
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
1000 years of CO2 Concentration
19
1000 Years of Temperature Changes
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
Edgartown today
24
Edgartown with 1 m sea level rise
25
Edgartown with 1 m sea level rise and storm surge
from Cat. 2 hurricane
26

• Every Year an Average Coal Plant Releases
• 3,700,000 tons of CO2
• 10,000 tons of SO2.
• 500 tons of particulates
• 10,200 tons NOx
• 720 tons of CO
• 220 tons of volatile organic
• compounds (VOC)
• 170 pounds of mercury
• 225 pounds of arsenic
• 114 pounds of lead
• And there are over 600 of them in the US.
• Source Union of Concerned Scientists
  www.ucsusa.org

27
Types of Pollutants

• CO2 Global Warming
• CO Health problem
• PM Respiratory and heart disease, haze
• SOx Acid Rain, respiratory illness, haze
• NOx Ozone formation, acid rain, smog, nutrient
  loading, global warming

• Mercury Neurotoxin
• Lead Neurotoxin
• Arsenic - Poison
• VOCs Numerous health problems
• Ozone Health problems, damage to flora fauna
• Hundreds of other toxic chemicals

28
Barnstable County Air Quality
Source www.scorecard.org
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)