Alcohols, Amines, and Carboxylic Acids

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Alcohols, Amines, and Carboxylic Acids
O
R OH
C
R
O
H
Carboxylic Acid Alcohol
Ester
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Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

• With Alcohols
• With Amines

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Reactions of Alcohols

• With Carboxylic Acids
• With Other Alcohols

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Reactions of Amines

• With Carboxylic Acids

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Chapter 8Lipids
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• Lipids
• are a class of organic molecules found in
  nature, mostly from living things, that are
• Soluble only in organic (non-polar) solvents
• Insoluble in water

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• Lipids
• Hydrophobic molecules
• Consist of C, H, and O (note the proportion of O
  is much lower in lipids than in carbohydrates)
• Various classes of lipids
• 1. Triglycerides (neutral fats)
• Consist of three fatty acids linked to a single
  molecule of glycerol via a condensation/dehydratio
  n reaction
• Fatty acids become linked to glycerol through an
  ester bond
• Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
• Concentrated source of energy
• Stored in adipocytes or fat cells

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Triglyceride Synthesis
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Triglyceride Synthesis
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O
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Polyunsaturated Fatty acids
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Some other examples of unsaturated fatty acids
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Differences between saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
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Unsaturated Fatty acids
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Fats and Oils
- A fat is a triacylglycerol that is solid at
room temperature
- An oil is a triacylglycerol that is liquid at
room temperature
- Usually fats come from animal sources and
contain more saturated fatty acids
- Oils come from plant sources and have a high
content of unsaturated fatty acids
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• 2. Phospholipids
• Consist of two fatty acids and a phosphate head
  group linked to a single molecule of glycerol
• Main lipid component of the cell (plasma)
  membrane
• Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules they
  have both polar and non-polar regions
• Phosphate head group is polar (hydrophilic)
• Fatty acid groups are non-polar (hydrophobic)

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• 3. Eicosanoids
• 20 carbon compounds synthesized from arachidonic
  acid
• Function predominantly as hormone-like substances
  that allow communication between cells
• Most diverse group are the prostaglandins
• Contain 5 carbon ring
• Produced by almost all tissues
• Involved in various processes, including
  inflammation, blood clotting, labor contractions
  and blood vessel diameter

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• 4. Steroids
• Lipid containing 4 rings
• Cholesterol is the parent molecule for the
  synthesis of all other steroids
• Corticosteroids (prednisone, hydrocortisone,
  aldosterone)
• Progesterone
• Testosterone
• Estrogens
• Bile acids
• Vitamin D
• Cholesterol made only in animal cells
  (hepatocytes)
• Cholesterol is also a necessary component of cell
  membranes

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C
D
A
B
Steroid
Cholesterol