Feminism

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Feminism????
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• ??2009/8/11

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????/Preface

• ???????What is Feminism?
• Generally speaking, women demand their full
  rights as human beings.
• More specifically, feminism is about challenging
  the division of labour in the world that puts men
  in charge of the public sphere, while women slave
  away unpaid in the home, carrying the whole
  burden of family life.

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??First Wave Feminism/???????

• Began in 1848 and lasted roughly until the 1960s
• Lobbying (the right to vote), education, and the
  Practice of birth control
• Womens suffrage
• Material equalities
• Representatives
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
• Simone de Beauvior, and
• Virginia Woolf

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??Second Wave Feminism/???????

• Began during the 1960s and lasted through the
  late 1970s
• Focused as much on fighting social and cultural
  inequalities as further political inequalities
• The Woman identity
• Representatives
• Elaine Showalter, Luce Irigaray, Kate Millet,
  Hélène Cixous, and Julia Kristeva

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?? Third Wave Feminism/???????

• beginning in the early 1990s
• A response to the backlash against initiatives
  and movements created by the second-wave
• challenge essentialist definitions of
  femininity
• Younger generation expressing girl power
• Diversity
• Representatives
• Rebecca Walker,
• Jennifer Baumgardner,
• Amy Richards

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?? Third Wave Feminism/???????

• Third-wave feminism is a term identified with
  several diverse strains of feminist activity and
  study beginning in the early 1990s.
• It seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the
  second waves essentialist definitions of
  femininity, which often assumed a universal
  female identity and over-emphasized experiences
  of upper middle class white women.

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?? Post-Feminism/?????

• Post-feminism was first used in the 1980s to
  describe a backlash against second-wave feminism.
  It is now a label for a wide range of theories
  that take critical approaches to previous
  feminist discourses and includes challenges to
  the second wave's ideas.
• The post-feminist texts which emerged in the
  1980s and 1990s portray second-wave feminism as a
  monolithic entity and criticized it using
  generalizations.

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?? Transnational Feminism/??????

• Transnational feminism highlights the difference
  between international and transnational
  conceptions of feminism, and favors the latter.
• As a feminist approach, it can be said that
  transnational feminism is generally attentive to
  intersections among nationhood, race, gender,
  sexuality and economic exploitation on a world
  scale, in the context of emergent global
  capitalism.

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?? Black Feminism/??????

• Forms of feminism that strive to overcome sexism
  and class oppression but ignore race can
  discriminate against many people, including
  women, through racial bias.
• Collective argued in 1974 that the liberation of
  black women entails freedom for all people, since
  it would require the end of racism, sexism, and
  class oppression.

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??Postcolonial Feminism/???????

• Postcolonial feminists argue that oppression
  relating to the colonial experience, particularly
  racial, class, and ethnic oppression, has
  marginalized women in postcolonial societies.
  They challenge the assumption that gender
  oppression is the primary force of patriarchy.

Taslima Nasrin author, physician, and feminist
human rights activist
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?? Postcolonial Feminism/???????

• Postcolonial feminists object to portrayals of
  women of non-Western societies as passive and
  voiceless victims and the portrayal of Western
  women as modern, educated and empowered.