Midterm Review Chapter 15

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Midterm ReviewChapter 1-5

• SCSC 311
• 2006 Spring

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Chapter 1 Why Study This Course?

• Why is technological knowledge important for IS
  professional?
• Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
• A modern SDLC -- Unified Process (UP)
• Business Modeling and Requirements Disciplines
• Design Discipline
• Implementation and Testing Disciplines
• Deployment Discipline
• The purposes and knowledge required for each
  stage.

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Chapter 1 (2)

• Roles and Job Titles of IT professionals
• Hardware personnel
• Systems programmers
• Application developers
• Systems managers
• Computer operations manager
• Network administrator
• Database administrator
• Chief information officer
• Computer Technology Information Sources
• Periodical literature
• Web sites
• Training courses

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Chapter 2 Introduction to System Architecture

• Systems Architecture describes structure,
  interaction, and technology of computer system
  components
• Implementations of Automated Computation
• Mechanical
• Electronic
• Optical
• Quantum Computer
• Basic principles and features of each
  implementation.

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Chapter 2 (2)

• Capabilities and components of computers
• Processor
• Storage
• Input/Output
• System Bus

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Chapter 2 (3)

• Computer system classes
• Microcomputer
• Midrange computer
• Mainframe
• Supercomputer
• The features and differences among them
• Groschs law
• what is it? Is it still valid today? Why or why
  not?
• The role of software
• Different types of software

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Chapter 2 (4)

• Economics of system and application development
• software
• System software consumes hardware resources
• Cost per unit of computing power has rapidly
  decreased
• Software is more cost-effective when reused many
  times

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Chapter 2 (5)

• Computer Networks
• Network Hardware
• Network communication devices
• Physical network
• Network Software

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Chapter 3 Data Representation

• Capabilities required of any data / information
  processor
• Recognizing
• Storing and retrieving
• Transporting
• Manipulating
• Positional Numbering System
• binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal notations
• The conversions among them.

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Chapter 3 (2)

• Why (current) computers represent data using
• binary numbers?
• Primitive data types
• Integer Ordinary binary, Excess, and Twos
  complement notation, Range and overflow
• Real number IEEE 32-bit Floating Point Format,
  range, overflow, underflow, and Truncation
• Character ASCII, Unicode
• Boolean
• Memory address Flat memory and Segmented memory

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Chapter 3 (3)

• Data Structures
• Pointers and Address
• Array vs. Linked List
• Record and file
• Class and object

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Chapter 4 Processor

• CPU components
• Control unit
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• Set of registers
• CPU execution cycle (the next slide)
• Instructions and Instruction Sets
• Three types of instruction data movement, data
  transformation, and sequence control
• Instruction format
• Fixed length vs. Variable length instruction

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Chapter 4 (3)

• RISC vs. CISC
• CPU performance
• The clock rate, CPU cycle time, wait state
• How to measure CPU performance
• Register
• General purpose registers
• Special purpose registers
• Instruction register
• Instruction pointer (a.k.a. program counter)
• Program status word (PSW)
• offset register

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Chapter 4 (4)

• Word and Word Size
• Enhancing processor performance
• Pipelining
• Branch prediction and speculative execution
• Multiprocessing
• How do they work?
• The Physical CPU
• Switches and Gates
• Electrical Properties
• Conductivity, Resistance, Heat, Speed and
  circuit length

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Chapter 4 (5)

• Current Technology Capabilities and Limitations
• Moores Law and Rocks Law
• Future trends

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Chapter 5 Storage Devices

• Storage devices consist of
• Storage medium
• Read/write mechanism
• Device controller
• Two main types
• Primary storage devices
• Secondary storage devices
• Characteristics of Storage Devices
• Speed
• Volatility
• Access method Serial, Random, Parallel
• Portability
• Cost and capacity

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Different types of Primary and Secondary Storage
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Storage Hierarchy
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Primary Storage Devices

• Digital electrical signals
• Data are represent as digital electrical signals
  inside CPU.
• Digital electrical signals are the basis of data
  transmission among of devices
• Can be stored directly or indirectly
• Modern computers use memory implemented with
  semiconductors (RAM and ROM)
• Static RAM (SRAM) vs. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Three technologies are used Improve RAM
  Performance
• Read-ahead memory access
• Synchronous read operations (SDRAM)
• On-chip memory caches (EDRAM)

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Nonvolatile Memory (NVM)

• NVM
• Firmware software resides in NVM
• NVM is slower than RAM
• Three generations of NVM
• ROM, EPROM, EEPROM
• Flash Memory
• Limited number of write cycles (wear out)

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CPU Memory Access

• Memory Packaging DIP, SIMM, DIMM
• CPU Memory Access
• Big endian vs. little endian
• Addressable memory
• Memory Allocation Schemes
• Absolute addressing vs. Indirect addressing

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Magnetic Storage

• Physics the duality of magnetism and
  electricity
• electrical signals ?? magnetic charges
• Polarity of magnetic charge represents bit values
  zero and one
• How it works?
• Characteristics of Magnetic Storage
• Decay, leakage, coercivity, areal density,
  integrity

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Magnetic Disk

• Components of a disk drive
• Disk access steps
• Average access delay vs. Average access time vs.
  Sequential access time
• How to minimize average access time ?

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Optical Storage Devices

• Store bit values as variations in light
  reflection
• Higher areal density and longer data life than
  magnetic storage
• The basic principle
• Different types of optical storage devices