Integrated Pest Management IPM

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Integrated Pest ManagementIPM

• M. Shelton
• Department of Entomology
• Cornell University

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67,000 Pest Species (70 loses w/o any
control) 9,000 Insects and Mites
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Pests and Pest Management

• Type of Organism
• Insects
• Weeds
• Pathogens
• Nematodes
• Vertebrates
• Mollusk
• Algae

• Type of Setting
• Plant
• Animal
• Human
• Household
• Aquatic
• Landscape

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The Drivers of IPM

• Resistance to Pesticides
• There are gt500 cases of arthropods having
  developed resistance to insecticides (including
  synthetic, organic and pathogens)
• http//whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/

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Global Losses Due to Insects
Krattiger 1997
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1997"Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for
agriculture is the application of an
interconnected set of principles and methods to
problems caused by insects, diseases, weeds and
other agricultural pests. IPM includes pest
prevention techniques, pest monitoring methods,
biological control, pest-resistant plants
varieties, pest attractants and repellents,
biopesticides, and synthetic organic pesticides.
It also involves the use of weather data to
predict the onset of pest attack, and cultural
practices such as rotation, mulching, raised
planting beds, narrow plant rows, and
interseeding." James P. Tette . 1997. New
York State Integrated Pest Management Program,
New York State Department of Agriculture and
Markets, Cornell University and Cornell
Cooperative Extension. 60 pp.
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IPM

• IPM is a philosophy, a way of approaching the
  problem
• IPM is a process defined by each particular
  situation
• IPM is evolving into ICM, Integrated Crop
  Management

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The Elements of IPM

• Pest Ecology
• Economics
• Sampling
• Control Tactics
• Training

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Components of an IPM Program
-Identification of the pest What is
it? -Scout/monitor /forecast for the pest Do I
have it? -Determine if the pest needs to be
controlled (threshold) How many do I have? Will
they do enough damage to cost money?
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Control Tactics

• Host Plant Resistance- developed through
  conventional breeding or biotechnology
• Biological Control-parasites, predators and
  pathogens
• Cultural Controls- crop rotation, trap cropping,
  quarantine, tillage practices
• Insecticides
• Interference Methods- semiochemicals, SIT

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Propane Flamer for Colorado Potato Beetle Control
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Getting Some Help
Potential Population
Weather temperature and rainfall
Pest Population
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Mortality due to cultural and biological controls
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Additional control needed
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Crop Threshold
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What to Do with An Insect Complex?
Cabbage Maggot
Whiteflies
Cabbage Webworm
Cabbage Flea Beetle
Diamondback Moth
Onion Thrips
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil
Cabbage Aphid
Heart Caterpillar (Crocidolomia)
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Effective Chemical Use
An IPM Paradigm
Thresholds Insecticides Resistance Manage.
Sampling
Detection Sampling Monitoring
Pest Biology Ecology
Cultural control
Avoidance
Cross- commodity Areawide
Biological control
Host plant resistance
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Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)

• Bt is a common soil bacterium which produces a
  protein toxic to some insects
• Many different strains of Bt
• Safer to humans and the environment
• Bt products used since 1930s but account for lt2
  of all insecticides

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1996 ? Bt crops first commercialized
Worldwide 17
Worldwide lt 1
Worldwide 9
Under development rice, canola, soybeans,
tobacco, tomato, apple, peanuts,
eggplant,crucifer vegetables
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What Are the Risks and Benefits of Bt Plants?

• Human Health?
• The Environment?
• Are Bt Plant Sustainable?
• What Are the Risks and Benefits of Not Using Bt
  Plants?

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Insect Management Options

• Compare the effects on the pest populations
• Compare the effects on natural enemy populations

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Comparing Technologies for Pest Management in
Sweet Corn
Musser and Shelton, 2003
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Beneficial Populations
Musser and Shelton, 2003
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October 2005, Vol. 34
Special Section Transgenic Plants
Insects Field Studies Assessing Non-target
Effects in Bt Transgenic Crops

• 13 Papers (USA Australia)
• Bt Cotton and Corn
• Long-Term Studies
• Multiple non-target taxa with emphasis on
  natural enemies
• Methodological issues

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SummaryNananjo et al.

• Collectively these studies show the high
  selectivity of Bt plants
• Minor changes in abundance of a few nontarget
  taxa were explained by the expected changes in
  the target pest population
• Many studies showed the alternative use of
  insecticides was many times more damaging to the
  nontarget arthropod community

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Other Potential Effects

• Gene Flow and Possible Consequences (superweeds,
  organic standards)
• Pesticide Resistance
• Evaluate on a case by case basis!

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Wont Insects Become Resistant to Bt Plants?
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Factors that Influence the Evolution of
Resistance to Bt Plants

• Genetic basis ( genes involved,
  dominant/recessive)
• Initial allele frequency (1.5 x 10-3 )
• Competitiveness of resistant individuals in the
  field (fitness costs)
• Resistance management strategy

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Deployment Strategies

• Gene strategies single gene, multiple genes
  ('pyramids)
• Gene promoter strategies constitutive,
  tissue-specific and inducible
• Gene expression high dose, low dose
• Field tactics uniform single gene, pyramids of
  genes, mosaic or mixed plantings of varieties
  with different genes, gene rotation across
  seasons and refuges (spatial and temporal)

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High Dose Kills SS and RS Individuals
high dose 25 x LD99 of SS
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Refuge StrategyReduce chances that resistant
moths mate with each other by providing large
numbers of susceptible moths from the refuge,
non-Bt crop
Resistant Moths
Susceptible Moths
TARGET 500 susceptible to 1 resistant
Non-Bt Crop
Bt Crop
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Ten years later..

• Bt crops have been grown on over gt 100 Million
  ha since 1996
• Largest selection experiment ever for insect
  resistance
• Resistance surprisingly absent
• Exceeded the time for resistance of most
  conventional insecticides

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• Studies indicate an overall reduction in
  insecticide sprays of 8.7 million (1998) and 15
  million (1999) for US cotton 43-57 decline in
  Australian cotton sprays and similar decline in
  Chinese cotton.
• In a survey of Chinese cotton growers, there were
  fewer pesticide poisonings with Bt cotton.
• In the US Bt plants provided economic benefits
  to growers of 65.4 million (field corn), 45.9
  million (cotton) 0.2 million (sweet corn), and
  0.5 million (potatoes), for a total economic
  benefit of 111.9 million.

Impact of Bt Plants
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Area under Bt cotton cultivation 2002, 2003
2004
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What Would Rachel Carson Say About Bt Plants?
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Risk and Benefit Analysis

• Assumptions
• Some degree of hazard is associated with every
  technology and activityincluding continuing with
  an older technology
• Risk and benefit analysis should be an ongoing
  process

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Risk Assessment

• Hazard identification. Does an item cause a
  documented adverse effect?
• Dose-response evaluation. What is the magnitude
  of exposure and probability of an adverse effect?
• Exposure assessment. Circumstances that
  influence exposure.
• Risk characterization. Probability of effect
  under defined conditions of exposure.

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Risk Assessment vs. Precautionary Principle

• Risk assessment, favored in the United States,
  which tries to balance risk with public health
  and benefits
• Precautionary principle, used in some
  international treaties and increasingly in
  Europe, which provides more emphasis on avoiding
  any potential risk and less emphasis on assessing
  any potential benefits.

When an activity raises threats of harm to human
health or the environment, precautionary
measures should be taken, even if some of the
cause-and-effect relationships are not
established scientifically- Wingspread
Declaration
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Outcomes of Different Philosophies

• If a new technology is risk-neutral, then the
  choice of whether to use it is easy.
• even if some of the cause-and-effect
  relationships are not established
  scientifically
• A proposed alternative precautionary principle-
  i.e. reduces net risk-- one should compare the
  risks of adopting the policy against the risks of
  not adopting it. This inevitably results in a
  risk-risk analysis.

Goklany, I. (2002) From precautionary principle
to risk-risk analysis. Nat. Biotechnol. 20(11)
1075.
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Where Does the Public Get Information on
Biotechnology?
Abbott E. 2001. Scientists being ignored in media
coverage of GMOs. Greenlee Sch. Journal. Commun.
Newsl. 60No. 68. 3 pp.
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How to Obtain More Information

• Information Systems for Biotechnology
  (www.isb.vt.edu)
• Database on US and international field tests of
  agbiotech crops
• Annotated bibliographies for environmental/ecologi
  cal impacts of transgenic organisms (updated
  quarterly)
• International Service for the Acquisition of
  Agri-bioteech Applications (www.isaaa.org)
• AgBioWorld list serve (www.agbioworld.org)

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Cauliflower devastated by diamondback moth,
Plutella xylostella infestation in the farmer
fields in spite of extensive applications
(almost 50 sprays in 2001 ) of insecticides.
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You cant build peace on empty
stomachs. -Lord John Boyd Orr