Resurgent and Emergent Infectious Diseases

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Resurgent and Emergent Infectious Diseases

• Catherine T. Horat RN MSN CS C-FNP
• NUR 410 Community Focused Nursing

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Terminology

• Infectious
• Contagious
• Communicable

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Modes of Transmission

• Direct
• Immediate transfer of infectious agent from
  reservoir to host
• Requires direct contact
• EX
• Limited to 1 meter or less
• EX.

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Modes of Transmission

• Indirect
• Infectious agent transported within inanimate
  materials
• Types
• Vehicle-borne
• EX.
• Vector
• Nonhuman carrier (animal, insect)
• EX

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Modes of Transmission

• Airborne
• Droplet nuclei
• Natural
• EX
• Manmade
• EX
• Dust
• EX

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Prevention of Transmission

• Primary
• Education
• EX

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Prevention of Transmission

• Primary
• Immunizations introduction of some form of
  disease-causing organism into person causing an
  development of antibodies that will resist
  disease
• Vaccine
• Living fully virulent
• Killed
• Living attenuated

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Prevention of Transmission

• Primary
• Immunization
• EX

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Prevention of Transmission

• Primary
• Immunizations
• EX

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Prevention of Transmission

• Primary
• Immunity
• Herd
• Level of immunity present in a particular
  population
• 80
• Low
• High

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Prevention of Transmission

• Primary
• Immunizations
• Children
• Adults
• International travelers
• Immigrants/refugees

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Prevention of Transmission

• Secondary
• Two approaches
• Screening
• Contact investigation/Partner notification/
  Case-finding

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Prevention of Transmission

• Secondary
• Screening
• A program that delivers a testing mechanism to to
  detect disease in groups of asymptomatic,
  apparently healthy individuals, follow-up to
  exposure, questionable symptoms
• Not diagnostic purpose to identify positive or
  suspicious findings

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Prevention of Transmission

• Reason for screening disease
• Is it an important public health problem
• Effective and tolerable treatment
• Is total cost of screening justifiable compared
• with costs of treating disease if left
  undiscovered

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Prevention of Transmission

• Secondary
• Screening
• Test criteria
• Validity
• Accurately identifies disease

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Prevention of Transmission

• Secondary
• Screening

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Prevention of Transmission

• Contact Investigation/Partner notification
• Reason for
• discover and notify those who have contact with
  someone who has a DX communicable disease
• Prevent further spread
• Provide treatment
• Case finding
• Unidentified persons
• Perform mass screening

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Prevention of Transmission

• Tertiary
• Isolation
• Quarantine
• Safe handling and control of infectious agent

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Prevention of Transmission

• Tertiary
• Isolation
• Separation of infected persons (animals) from
  others during communicability to limit
  transmission
• Types
• Strict
• Contact
• Respiratory
• EX

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Prevention of Transmission

• Tertiary
• Quarantine
• EX

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Reporting

• Laws or regulations developed by individual
  states that require health care organizations and
  practitioners notify local health authorities
  cases of certain communicable or infectious
  diseases that can be spread

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Surveillance

• Ongoing monitoring
• Detect changes in the trend or distribution in
  order to initiate investigative or control
  measure
• Detect new or developing problems
• Systems
• CDC
• APHA
• WHO
• Valanis, 1999