Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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Structure and Function of Macromolecules
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Table 3.2
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Polymer Principles

• TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
• 1. Protein
• 2. Nucleic acid
• 3. Lipids
• 4. Carbohydrates

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Polymer Principles

• VOCABULARY
• Polymer
• Monomer
• Dehydration Synthesis
• Hydrolysis
• Glycosidic Linkage
• Glycogen/Starch

• Mono/Di/Poly
• Fatty acid chain
• Triacylglycerol
• Pyrimidine
• Purine
• Double Helix
• 13. Amino Acids
• 14. Saturated/Unsat.

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Polymer Principles

• Dehydration Synthesis
• a. Two monomers joining together is called
• polymerization. Water is lost.
• Hydrolysis
• b. Polymer is split apart to form monomers.
• Water is used.

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Carbohydrates

• An OH group is attached to each carbon except
  one
• Size of carbon skeleton varies from 3 to 6
• Spatial arrangement around asymmetric carbons may
  vary.

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Carbohydrates

• TYPES OF SUGARS
• Monosaccharide (one)
• a. Mainly fructose and glucose
• b. Molecular formulas are multiple of
• CH2O
• c. Composed of C,H,O
• d. Provide fuel

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Carbohydrates

• e. In aqueous solution, forms ring structures
• f. Main component of cells
• g. Used to make other organic molecules
• h. Can be produced by photosynthesis

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Carbohydrates

• Disaccharide (two)
• a. Dehydration synthesis
• b. Sucrose
• c. Glycosidic bond
• d. Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharide (more than two)
• a. Examples wheat, corn, rice
• b. Starch (plant roots)
• - helical glucose polymer with a 1-4 linkages
• - stored as granules in plant organelle
  (plastid)
• - amylose, the simplest form is an unbranched
• polymer
• - amylopectin is a branched polymer
• - most animals have enzymes to hydrolyze
• starch

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Carbohydrates

• c. Glycogen (animals)
• - storage polymer in animals
• - highly branched
• - stored in muscles and liver
• d. Cellulose (wood)
• - linear branched polymer of D-glucose in
• b 1-4 linkage
• - major structural component of plant/fungi
• cell walls and chitin (arthropods)

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Carbohydrates

• STARCH vs CELLULOSE
• 1. Starch glucose monomers are in alpha
  configuration (-OH group on carbon 1 is below
  ring plane) a 1-4 linkage
• 2. Cellulose glucose monomers are in beta
  configuration (-OH group on 1 carbon is above
  ring plane) b 1-4 linkage

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Carbohydrates

• 3 dimensional shape and properties are a result
  of different glycosidic linkages
• Cellulose reinforces plant cell walls H-bonds
  hold parallel cellulose molecules in bundles
  (microfibrils)
• Cellulose cannot be digested by humans because
  they lack enzymes to break the
• b 1-4 linkages

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Lipids

• PROPERTIES
• Insoluble in water
• Nonpolar
• Hydrophobic
• Soluble in nonpolar solvents (chloroform)
• Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

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Lipids

• FATS
• Twice as much energy as carbohydrates
• 1 glycerol ( 3 carbon alcohol) and 3 fatty acid
  chains (carboxyl group attaches to alcohol of
  glycerol)
• Dehydration synthesis (ester linkage) formed
  between the -OH group and a -COOH group
• Double bonds causes kinks

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Lipids

• 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol is called a
  triacylglyerol
• Variation in the location of the double bond
• Functions of Fats
• a. Energy storage
• b. Compact fuel storage
• c. Cushions vital organs
• d. Insulates against heat loss

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Lipids

• 1. The fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant
  oils) contain double bonds
• These prevent them from solidifying at room
  temperature
• 2. Saturated fats (lard) lack double bonds
• They are solid at room temperature

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Lipids

• PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Located in the cell membrane
• Composed of
• a. glycerol
• b. 2 fatty acids
• c. phosphate
• Differs from fat because glycerol is joined to a
  phosphate

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Lipids

• Ambivalent both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
• Forms micelles or bilayer

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Lipids

• STERIODS
• Lipids which have 4 fused carbon rings with
  various functional groups attached
• Three 6-sided rings and One 5-sided ring
• Cholesterol
• - precursor to sex hormones
• - common component of animal membranes
• - contributes to atherosclerosis

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Lipids

• WAXES
• 1. Fatty acid linked to alcohol
• 2. Insects/fruits
• 3. Wings