Title: CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
1CHAPTER 5The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules
2Standards
- Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and nucleic acids. - Identify the major structural components and
functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives
3Shoulder Partners
4Flip BooksTake out your flip books for
notesTurn to last page it should be open for
notes about definitions and reactions
5Building MacromoleculesTake out the pieces of
macromolecules that you colored and cut out last
class periodYou also need one sheet of
construction paper
6What is a MACROmolecule?
- A Large molecule with a complex structure
- A polymer built from monomers
Macromolecule
little molecule
7Poly - mer
Many
Parts
- A long molecule made of monomers bonded together
8Mono - mer
One
Part
- The building blocks of polymers
- A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.
9- Three of lifes organic macromolecules are
polymers - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids
10EXAMPLES
11Think Pair Share
- Explain to your partner how these Lego structures
are like Polymers
12How are Polymers made?
- How do monomers bind to form polymers?
- condensation reactions called dehydration
synthesis (removal of water)
13How do polymers break down?
- Hydrolysis reaction
- Hydro lysis
- Water is added to break the bonds that hold the
polymer together.
Water
To Break
14Hydrolysis
15Think Pair Share
Why would polymers need to be broken down?
16Classes of Organic Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
17CARBOHYDRATES
18Carbo - hydrate
Carbon
Water
- Monomer
- Monosaccharide
- (mono one saccharide sugar)
- Polymers
- Disaccharides (di two)
- Polysaccharides (poly many)
19Think Pair Share
What are some functions of carbohydrates?
20- Functions of Carbohydrates in living things
- Major fuel/energy source
- Energy storage
- Can be used as raw materials for other
Macromolecules - Structural/building material in plants
21Structure of Monosaccharides
- Contain only C, H, O
- All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n
22- In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form
rings
23Structure of Disaccharides
- Consists of two monosaccharides
- The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
linkage (bond)
24Polar Bears
- What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond)
between the monosaccharides to become a
disaccharide? - Dehydration synthesis
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26Build a Carbohydrate
- Assemble a disaccharide sugar.
- The building block/monomers of carbohydrates are
____________. - Place ________of these into a chain
- Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
released during this reaction. - Label as a dissaccharide
simple sugars
2
27Build a Carbohydrate
H2O
28Polysaccharides
- Structure Polymers of a few hundred or a few
thousand monosaccharides. - Functions
- energy storage molecules
- structural support
29Examples of Carbs
30- Starch - plant storage form for energy
- easily broken down into glucose units
31- Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made
of glucose monomers - used in plant cell walls
32Why is Cellulose so strong?
- Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal
Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain - When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each
other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong
material thats difficult to break!
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34- Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of
energy - Glucose monomers
35Penguins
- What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage
(bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen
so the monomers can be used for fuel? - Hydrolysis
36- Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural
material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell
walls.
37Build a Carbohydrate
- Assemble the remaining carbohydrate monomers into
a polysaccharide sugar. - Place the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a
chain. - Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
released during this reaction.
38Standards
- Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and nucleic acids. - Identify the major structural components and
functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives
39PROTEINS
40Proteins
- Monomer
- amino acids
- connected by peptide bonds
- Have a 3 dimensional globular shape
41Amino Acids
- Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
- Differ in their properties due to differing side
chains, called R groups
4220 different amino acids
- The sequence of amino acids determine the shape
of the protein
43Did you know?
- Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino
acids.
44Think Pair Share
Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?
45- Polymers polypeptides
- Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form
polypeptide chains
46Examples of Protein Functions
- Immune System
- Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances
- Transport
- Membrane transport proteins - move substances
across cell membranes - Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other
substances through the body. - Muscle Contractions
- Signaling - Hormones such as insulin regulate
sugar levels in blood.
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48Proteins are very complex! Their specific
structure determines their function.
HEMOGLOBIN Transport of gases and iron in blood
ACTIN Filament involved in muscle contraction
49Four Levels of Protein Structure
- Primary structure
- Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide
50- Secondary structure
- Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
- Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet
51- Tertiary structure
- Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a
polypeptide
52- Quaternary structure
- Is the overall protein structure that results
from the combination of two or more polypeptide
subunits
53Polar Bears
- Explain the four levels of protein structure to
your penguin
54Sickle Cell Disease
55Sickle Cell Disease A simple change in Primary
Structure
56Enzymes
- proteins that act as a catalyst
57Penguins
- List at least 2 factors that effect protein
structure
58Environmental Factors That Effect Protein Shape
- pH
- Temperature
- Salinity
- Denatured protein is biologically inactive
- Can sometimes renature if primary structure is
unchanged.
59Build a Protein
- Assemble a 4-monomer polypeptide.
- The building block/monomers of proteins are
____________. - Place 4 of these into a chain
- Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
released during this reaction. - Label as a 4-monomer polypeptide
Amino Acids
60Build a Protein
- Assemble the remaining monomers into a
polypeptide. - Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
released during this reaction. - Label as a ___-monomer polypeptide
?
61Standards
- Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and nucleic acids. - Identify the major structural components and
functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives
62LIPIDS
- What are Lipids?
- Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments
- Hydrophobic (hydrowater phobic fearing)
- Consist mostly of hydrocarbons
- Do NOT consist of polymers
63- Monomers
- The building blocks of all lipids are called
- Fatty Acids
64- Functions of Lipids in living things
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane structure
- Protecting against desiccation (drying out).
- Insulating against cold.
- Absorbing shocks.
- Regulating cell activities by hormone actions.
65Structure of Common Fats - Triglycerides
- Consist of a single glycerol and usually three
fatty acids - Glycerol an alcohol with three carbons
- Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a
Carboxyl group at one end.
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67Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Unsaturated fats
- one or more double bonds between carbons in the
fatty acids allows for kinks in the tails - liquid at room temp
- most plant fats
- Saturated fats
- No double bonds in fatty acid tails
- solid at room temp
- most animal fats
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69Saturated fatty acid
70Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
71Build a Lipid
- Assemble a triglyceride.
- The building block/monomers of lipids are
____________. - Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
structure/components - Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
released during this reaction. - Label as a triglyceride
Fatty Acids
72Phospholipids
- Structure Glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate
group. - Function Main structural component of
membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.
73Phospholipids in Water
74Draw a Phospholipid
- Next to your triglyceride, draw a phospholipid
- Label the parts/components
- Label the drawing as a phospholipid
75Waxes
- Function
- Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and
as animal coverings.
76Steroids
- Structure Four carbon rings with no fatty acid
tails - Functions
- Component of animal cell membranes (Ex
Cholesterol) - Modified to form sex hormones
77Standards
- Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and nucleic acids. - Identify the major structural components and
functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives
78NUCLEIC ACIDS
79Nucleic Acid Monomers Nucleotides
- Nucleotide 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and
nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA
80Two Types of Nucleic Acids Polymers
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
- double stranded
- can self replicate
- makes up genes which code for proteins is passed
from one generation to another - RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
- single stranded
- functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded
for by DNA - is made from the DNA template molecule
81Function of Nucleic Acids The stuff of Genes
- Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
information - Genes
- Are the units of inheritance
- Code for the sequence of amino acids(making
polypeptides) - Made of nucleic acids
82Both polymers function together for protein
synthesis
83Building the Polymer
- Phosphate group of one nucleotide forms strong
covalent bond with the 3 carbon of the sugar of
the other nucleotide.
84- DNA
- Double helix
- 2 polynucleotide chains wound into the double
helix - Base pairing between chains with H bonds
- A - T
- C - G
85Building DNA
- The building block/monomers of lipids are
____________. - Build 2 nucleotides
- Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
structure/components - Link the 2 nucleotides together
- The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to
the pentose sugar of the next - Label as DNA
nucleotides
86Building DNA
- Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
structure/components - Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
released during this reaction. - Label as a triglyceride
87Summary of the Organic Molecules