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CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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Title: CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules


1
CHAPTER 5The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules
  • You are what you eat!

2
Standards
  • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
    lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Identify the major structural components and
    functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
3
Shoulder Partners
4
Flip BooksTake out your flip books for
notesTurn to last page it should be open for
notes about definitions and reactions
5
Building MacromoleculesTake out the pieces of
macromolecules that you colored and cut out last
class periodYou also need one sheet of
construction paper
6
What is a MACROmolecule?
  • A Large molecule with a complex structure
  • A polymer built from monomers

Macromolecule
little molecule
7
Poly - mer
Many
Parts
  • A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

8
Mono - mer
One
Part
  • The building blocks of polymers
  • A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

9
  • Three of lifes organic macromolecules are
    polymers
  • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

10
EXAMPLES
11
Think Pair Share
  • Explain to your partner how these Lego structures
    are like Polymers

12
How are Polymers made?
  • How do monomers bind to form polymers?
  • condensation reactions called dehydration
    synthesis (removal of water)

13
How do polymers break down?
  • Hydrolysis reaction
  • Hydro lysis
  • Water is added to break the bonds that hold the
    polymer together.

Water
To Break
14
Hydrolysis
15
Think Pair Share
Why would polymers need to be broken down?
16
Classes of Organic Macromolecules
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids

17
CARBOHYDRATES
18
Carbo - hydrate
Carbon
Water
  • Monomer
  • Monosaccharide
  • (mono one saccharide sugar)
  • Polymers
  • Disaccharides (di two)
  • Polysaccharides (poly many)

19
Think Pair Share
What are some functions of carbohydrates?
20
  • Functions of Carbohydrates in living things
  • Major fuel/energy source
  • Energy storage
  • Can be used as raw materials for other
    Macromolecules
  • Structural/building material in plants

21
Structure of Monosaccharides
  • Contain only C, H, O
  • All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n

22
  • In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form
    rings

23
Structure of Disaccharides
  • Consists of two monosaccharides
  • The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
    linkage (bond)

24
Polar Bears
  • What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond)
    between the monosaccharides to become a
    disaccharide?
  • Dehydration synthesis

25
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26
Build a Carbohydrate
  • Assemble a disaccharide sugar.
  • The building block/monomers of carbohydrates are
    ____________.
  • Place ________of these into a chain
  • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
    Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
    released during this reaction.
  • Label as a dissaccharide

simple sugars
2
27
Build a Carbohydrate
H2O
28
Polysaccharides
  • Structure Polymers of a few hundred or a few
    thousand monosaccharides.
  • Functions
  • energy storage molecules
  • structural support

29
Examples of Carbs
30
  • Starch - plant storage form for energy
  • easily broken down into glucose units

31
  • Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made
    of glucose monomers
  • used in plant cell walls

32
Why is Cellulose so strong?
  • Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal
    Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain
  • When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each
    other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong
    material thats difficult to break!

33
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34
  • Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of
    energy
  • Glucose monomers

35
Penguins
  • What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage
    (bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen
    so the monomers can be used for fuel?
  • Hydrolysis

36
  • Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural
    material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell
    walls.

37
Build a Carbohydrate
  • Assemble the remaining carbohydrate monomers into
    a polysaccharide sugar.
  • Place the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a
    chain.
  • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
    Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
    released during this reaction.

38
Standards
  • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
    lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Identify the major structural components and
    functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
39
PROTEINS
40
Proteins
  • Monomer
  • amino acids
  • connected by peptide bonds
  • Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

41
Amino Acids
  • Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
  • Differ in their properties due to differing side
    chains, called R groups

42
20 different amino acids
  • The sequence of amino acids determine the shape
    of the protein

43
Did you know?
  • Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino
    acids.

44
Think Pair Share
Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?
45
  • Polymers polypeptides
  • Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form
    polypeptide chains

46
Examples of Protein Functions
  • Immune System
  • Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances
  • Transport
  • Membrane transport proteins - move substances
    across cell membranes
  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other
    substances through the body.
  • Muscle Contractions
  • Signaling - Hormones such as insulin regulate
    sugar levels in blood.

47
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48
Proteins are very complex! Their specific
structure determines their function.
HEMOGLOBIN Transport of gases and iron in blood
ACTIN Filament involved in muscle contraction
49
Four Levels of Protein Structure
  • Primary structure
  • Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a
    polypeptide

50
  • Secondary structure
  • Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
  • Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet

51
  • Tertiary structure
  • Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a
    polypeptide

52
  • Quaternary structure
  • Is the overall protein structure that results
    from the combination of two or more polypeptide
    subunits

53
Polar Bears
  • Explain the four levels of protein structure to
    your penguin

54
Sickle Cell Disease
55
Sickle Cell Disease A simple change in Primary
Structure
56
Enzymes
  • proteins that act as a catalyst

57
Penguins
  • List at least 2 factors that effect protein
    structure

58
Environmental Factors That Effect Protein Shape
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Salinity
  • Denatured protein is biologically inactive
  • Can sometimes renature if primary structure is
    unchanged.

59
Build a Protein
  • Assemble a 4-monomer polypeptide.
  • The building block/monomers of proteins are
    ____________.
  • Place 4 of these into a chain
  • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
    Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
    released during this reaction.
  • Label as a 4-monomer polypeptide

Amino Acids
60
Build a Protein
  • Assemble the remaining monomers into a
    polypeptide.
  • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
    Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
    released during this reaction.
  • Label as a ___-monomer polypeptide

?
61
Standards
  • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
    lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Identify the major structural components and
    functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
62
LIPIDS
  • What are Lipids?
  • Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments
  • Hydrophobic (hydrowater phobic fearing)
  • Consist mostly of hydrocarbons
  • Do NOT consist of polymers

63
  • Monomers
  • The building blocks of all lipids are called
  • Fatty Acids

64
  • Functions of Lipids in living things
  • Energy storage
  • Cell membrane structure
  • Protecting against desiccation (drying out).
  • Insulating against cold.
  • Absorbing shocks.
  • Regulating cell activities by hormone actions.

65
Structure of Common Fats - Triglycerides
  • Consist of a single glycerol and usually three
    fatty acids
  • Glycerol an alcohol with three carbons
  • Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a
    Carboxyl group at one end.

66
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67
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
  • Unsaturated fats
  • one or more double bonds between carbons in the
    fatty acids allows for kinks in the tails
  • liquid at room temp
  • most plant fats
  • Saturated fats
  • No double bonds in fatty acid tails
  • solid at room temp
  • most animal fats

68
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69
Saturated fatty acid
70
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
71
Build a Lipid
  • Assemble a triglyceride.
  • The building block/monomers of lipids are
    ____________.
  • Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
    structure/components
  • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
    Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
    released during this reaction.
  • Label as a triglyceride

Fatty Acids
72
Phospholipids
  • Structure Glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate
    group.
  • Function Main structural component of
    membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

73
Phospholipids in Water
74
Draw a Phospholipid
  • Next to your triglyceride, draw a phospholipid
  • Label the parts/components
  • Label the drawing as a phospholipid

75
Waxes
  • Function
  • Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and
    as animal coverings.

76
Steroids
  • Structure Four carbon rings with no fatty acid
    tails
  • Functions
  • Component of animal cell membranes (Ex
    Cholesterol)
  • Modified to form sex hormones

77
Standards
  • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
    lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Identify the major structural components and
    functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
78
NUCLEIC ACIDS
79
Nucleic Acid Monomers Nucleotides
  • Nucleotide 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and
    nitrogenous base

Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA
80
Two Types of Nucleic Acids Polymers
  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • double stranded
  • can self replicate
  • makes up genes which code for proteins is passed
    from one generation to another
  • RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
  • single stranded
  • functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded
    for by DNA
  • is made from the DNA template molecule

81
Function of Nucleic Acids The stuff of Genes
  • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
    information
  • Genes
  • Are the units of inheritance
  • Code for the sequence of amino acids(making
    polypeptides)
  • Made of nucleic acids

82
Both polymers function together for protein
synthesis
83
Building the Polymer
  • Phosphate group of one nucleotide forms strong
    covalent bond with the 3 carbon of the sugar of
    the other nucleotide.

84
  • DNA
  • Double helix
  • 2 polynucleotide chains wound into the double
    helix
  • Base pairing between chains with H bonds
  • A - T
  • C - G

85
Building DNA
  • The building block/monomers of lipids are
    ____________.
  • Build 2 nucleotides
  • Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
    structure/components
  • Link the 2 nucleotides together
  • The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to
    the pentose sugar of the next
  • Label as DNA

nucleotides
86
Building DNA
  • Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
    structure/components
  • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
    Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
    released during this reaction.
  • Label as a triglyceride

87
Summary of the Organic Molecules
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