Chapter 17 Classification

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Chapter 17Classification

• Section 17-1 History of Taxonomy
• (How science makes sense of all the different
  types of life.)

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Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names
organisms according to their characteristics and
evolutionary history
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Taxonomy organizes the huge biodiversity (variety
of types of life) of the planet
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Your task
You are going to be given several shapes. First
Determine a logical basis to separate the shapes
into 2 major groups or classifications. Arrange
your groups on your desk.
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Task
Second Separate each group into 2 or 3 smaller
groups. Discuss with your table partner what
characteristics you based your classifications
on? Did your partner use the same
characteristics? If not scientifically argue the
merits of your decision.
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Task
Third Separate each of your smaller groups into
even smaller groups. Discuss with your table
partner what characteristics you based your
classifications on? Did your partner use the
same characteristics? If not scientifically argue
the merits of your decision.
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Summary
Discussion How is this activity like the
classification of living things? How is it
different? WRITE THIS QUESTION DOWN ON YOUR NOTES
AND ANSWER IT What information and observations
do scientists use to classify organisms?
(answer will be in these notes! Yay)
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• Organisms were first classified by Aristotle over
  2000 yrs ago!
• His system classified organisms as either plant
  or animal.
• Problems with his classification
• Some organisms are neither plant or animal
• Common names are different in different regions
  (ex. Puma, cougar, and mountain lion are all same
  animal
• Some common names are
• inaccurate (ex. Jellyfish is not a
• fish, seahorse is not a horse)

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Carolus Linnaeus developed a more organized
system of classification in the 1700s

• This system involves seven levels of
  classification which are still used today

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Levels of classification

• Memory device
• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• For
• Good
• Spices

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Some examples (pg. 338)
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Some examples (pg. 338)
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Linnaeuss system for naming

• The system is known as binomial nomenclature (bi-
  means 2)
• Each species is identified by two names genus
  and species.
• Genus is capitalized the species is not and both
  are written in italics
• Ex Lynx rufus and Homo sapiens

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Section 17-2 Modern Phylogenetic Taxonomy
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• Classification originally based on morphology
• Modern taxonomists use this and other evidence to
  place organisms on a phylogenetic tree
• A phylogenetic tree is a diagram showing
  evolutionary relationships of organisms

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4 Types of Evidence Help Scientists make a
Phylogenetic Tree
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Evidence

• Morphology, or the appearance of an organism.

Related organisms will share homologous
structures
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Evidence

• 2. The fossil record
• Some fossils serve as links in connecting
  current groups of organisms.
• EX archaeopteryx

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Evidence

• 3. Embryological patterns of development
• By looking at the stages of an organisms
  development scientists can see patterns.
• Ex all fertilized animal eggs begin to grow in
  the same way
• Zygote ? blastula ? gastrula (read pg 344)

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Evidence

• Comparing the number of differences in DNA, amino
  acids and proteins
• If mutations in sequence occur regularly
  scientists can predict how closely related
  organisms are. The more similar the DNA the more
  closely related the species.

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Cladistics

• A new system of phylogenetic classification.
• It uses a shared derived characteristic to
  establish relationships
• Ex amniotic (shelled) egg separates reptiles and
  birds from other organisms or hair on mammal

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How to read a cladogram
Everything else has jaws
No jaws
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Section 17-3 Two Modern Systems of Classification
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Two main systemsThree Domain and Six Kingdom
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Kingdom Archeabacteria

• Unicellular (one-celled)
• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
• Chemosynthetic (use
• chemicals to make energy)
• They have different cell membranes than other
  organisms
• They often live in harsh environments

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Kingdom Eubacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Most use oxygen for
• respiration
• These are true bacteria involved in decomposing
  dead animals and plants, making yogurt, etc.

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Kingdom Protista

• Unicellular
• Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
• Can be autotrophic (make food or heterotrophic
  (eat food)
• Although in the same kingdom there is a huge
  variety all very distantly related

Ex amoeba and euglena
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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular AND UNICELLULAR!
• Eukaryotic
• They are heterotrophic (eat food) specifically
  they absorb food.
• Cell walls have chitin
• Common fungi Yeast mushrooms

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic - Plants use solar energy to
  photosynthesize or make food
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Ex venus fly trap oak tree

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Kingdom animalia

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic (eat food)
• Can live on land or water.
• Ex. Coral elephant