Chapter 18 Classification

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Chapter 18Classification

• Organization and naming systems based on
  morphology and genetics

Humans have a tendency to see commonalities and
differences, clustering images by appearance.
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Aristotelian classification
Life
Plant
Animal
Herb Shrub Tree
Aristotle grouped organisms based on appearance
and abilities.
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Why Classify?

• To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
  classification system to name organisms and group
  them in a logical manner.
• To avoid the confusion caused by regional common
  names.

Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis )
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Taxonomy

• the science of classification
• Uses Latindescriptive, universal, dead
  language that never changes
• Uses binomial nomenclature
• Two word naming system of
  Genus species scientific name
• Uses hierarchy of categories
  from general to specific

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Common names

• Many people refer to organisms by common names
  rather than scientific names.
• Be careful that common names do not always
  reflect the biology of the organism.
• Example starfish are not fish

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Comparing related animals
Lynx
Bobcat

• Lynx rufus, lynx
• Panthera concolor, mountain lion
• Lynx canadensis, bobcat
• Which two are more related? How do you know?

Mountain lion
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Dichotomous key system to identify organisms and
their scientific names

• A key is made up of sets of numbered statements.
• Each set deals with a single characteristic of an
  organism, such as leaf shape or arrangement.

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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

• Created a classification system with seven
  hierarchical levels
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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Human classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Ch
ordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Ho
minidae Genus Homo species sapiens
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Giant panda
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Red fox
KINGDOM Animalia
Sea star
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Classification of Human and Chimp
Level Human Chimp
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mamalia Mamalia
Order Primate Primate
Family Hominidae Pongidae
Genus Homo Pan
species sapien troglodytes
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• KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamily Genus
  species(variety) or (breed)

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Phylogeny

• Studying the evolutionary history and
  relationships of organisms

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Cladograms

• Making a Family Tree
• Represent evolutionary relationships, phylogeny,
  and not just physical appearances

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Cladograms

• Cladistics a phylogenic study that assumes how
  groups of organisms diverged and evolved

Allosaurus
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Sinornis
Theropods
Flight feathers arms as long as legs
3-toed foot wishbone
Down feathers
Feathers with shaft, veins, and barbs
Light bones
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Traditional classification vs. Cladograms
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Crab
Limpet
Limpet
Barnacle
Barnacle
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM BASED ON DERIVED CHARACTERS
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Current six-kingdom classification

• Archaebacteria prokaryotic
• Eubacteria prokaryotic
• Protists eukaryotic
• Fungi eukaryotic
• Plants eukaryotic
• Animals eukaryotic

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Modern classification systems include the
three-domain system which includes the 6 kingdom
system.

• Just a few years ago, all bacteria and some
  protists were labeled Monera.

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Three Domain System
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERIA
Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi A
nimalia
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Key Characteristics of Domains and Kingdoms
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL
STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF
NUTRITION EXAMPLES
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with
peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls
without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph
or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles
Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in
some some have chloroplasts Most unicellular
some colonial some multicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds,
giant kelp
Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of
chitin Most multicellular some
unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose
chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mos
ses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or
chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
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Six Kingdom classification Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Unicellular or multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Pro Uni
both
Pro Uni
both
Eu most uni
both
Eu most multi
hetero
Eu multi
auto
Eu multi
hetero
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Archaebacteria overview

• prokaryotic
• Most live in extreme environments such as swamps,
  deep-ocean hydrothermal vents, and seawater
  evaporating ponds.
• Most do not use oxygen to respire.
• Examples Thermophiles, Halophiles, Methanogens
  

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Eubacteria overview

• prokaryotic
• very strong cell walls
• a less complex genetic makeup than found in
  archaebacteria or eukaryotes
• diverse habitat
• Examples Strep, Lacto-bacillus, E. coli

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Protist overview

• diverse species that share some characteristics.
• eukaryote
• lacks complex organ systems
• lives in moist environments
• diverse metabolism

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Protozoans animal-like protists

• Heterotroph consume organic matter
• Unicellular
• Examples Amoeba, paramecia

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Algae plant-like protists

• Autotroph uses light to make sugars through
  photosynthesis
• Lack roots, stems, and leaves
• Examples algae, kelp, sea-weed

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Fungus-like protists

• Decompose dead matter
• Motility during some stage of life cycle
• No chitin in cell walls
• Examples Slime-mold, powdery mildew

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Fungi overview

• Eukaryotic
• Decomposes matter by absorbing materials
• Multicellular or unicellular
• Examples bread mold, mushrooms, athletes foot,
  ring worm

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Plant overview

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Photosynthetic produce oxygen
• Immobile, sessile
• Cell walls
• Examples fruit, ferns, mosses, trees, grasses

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Animal overview

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Mostly mobile
• Lack cell walls
• Diverse habitats
• Examples lions, tigers bears, oh my!

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Nutritional types
Auto(photo) Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest)
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
(Seaweeds)
Multi Uni
Protista
Eu Pro
Bacteria
Evolution and the 6 Kingdoms
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Six Kingdom classification Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Unicellular or multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Pro Uni
both
Pro Uni
both
Eu most uni
both
Eu most multi
hetero
Eu multi
auto
Eu multi
hetero
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Classification systems video
Click on image to play video.
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Panthera leo? (1)
Click on image to play video.
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Panthera leo? (2)
Click on image to play video.