Graduate Studies and Employment Opportunities in Biomedical Engineering

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Graduate Studies and Employment Opportunities in
Biomedical Engineering

• By
• Dr. Megh R. Goyal ltm_goyal_at_ece.uprm.edugt
• Professor in Biomedical Engineering
• University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

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Oportunidad de Estudios Graduados y Empleo en
Ingeniería Biomédica

• Aprovecha esta oportunidad para aprender como la
  Ingenieria Industrial puede aportar a la
  Ingeniería Biomédica

Donde Anfiteatro II-229 Fecha 6 de
noviembre Hora 1030-1145 AM Recurso Dr. Megh
Goyal
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Biomedical Engineering?
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What is Biomedical Engineering?

• Application of engineering principles
• To design and manufacture medical devices
• Or to understand, modify or control biological
  systems

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What is Biomedical Engineering?

• Application of engineering principles
• creative application of math and science
• designing systems or components to meet desired
  needs (i.e., to solve problems)
• to design and manufacture medical devices
• anything intended for use in prevention,
  diagnosis, or treatment of disease
• or to understand, modify or control biological
  systems
• body, system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule

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The role of Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Basic Science
Healthcare Technologies
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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Heart Pacemaker
• 1800 electricityheart
• 1950 John Hopps, E.E., first pacemaker
• 1950-1957 Surgeons with Medtronic
• 1st electrical device surgically implanted
• 2.5 cm, 14 mg, 10 years

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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Heart-Lung Machine
• 1937 John H Gibbon
• 1945 Clarence Dennis
• 1946 Gibbon, Watson, International Business
  Machines (IBM)
• 1953 Gibbon performs first open-heart surgery
• 750,000 open-heart/year

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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Kidney dialysis
• 17 million at risk of kidney disease
• gt300,000 U.S. citizens with chronic kidney
  failure
• 1940 Willem Kolff and Baxter Labs
• 11 billion in cost

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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Bioengineered skin
• 1,500 extensive skin grafts, 3rd degree burns
• 40,000 treated for 2nd degree burns
• 800,000 diabetic foot ulcer (1 billion/year)
• 80,000 foot amputations/year
• 7,500 savings on venous leg ulcer

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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Angioplasty
• 1977 Andreas Gruentzig
• 1 million ww/year

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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Arthroscopy
• 1918 1st procedure
• 1970 kicks off
• 1.5 million /year
• BME next generation arthroscopy

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Mayor Advances in Biomedical Engineering

• Hip joint replacement
• -1994 NIH Consensus Panel, most successful
  surgical procedure
• -168,000 hips/year

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The need for Biomedical Engineering

• Efficiency of Health Care
• 18 US NGP, 1.3 trillion
• Effectiveness of Health Care
• Cure vs Treatment
• Resources of Health Care

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What are some of the specialty areas?

• In this field there is continual change and
  creation of new areas due to rapid advancement in
  technology however, some of the well established
  specialty areas within the field of biomedical
  engineering are
• bioinstrumentation
• biomaterials
• biomechanics
• cellular, tissue and genetic engineering
• clinical engineering
• medical imaging
• orthopedic surgery
• rehabilitation engineering
• and systems physiology.

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Academic Programs in Biomedical Engineering

• Available on the Internet at
• www.bmenet.org  
• bmes.org The Biomedical Engineering Society
• The Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
  of the IEEE
• The American Institute of Medical and Biological
  Engineering

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Academic Programs in US
Undergraduate Programs
Graduate Programs
Note FIU is leading FL in biomedical engineering
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Employment Outlook

• US Department of Labor 31.4 increase through
  2010
• MDC ranks 10th nationally in medical device
  employment
• MDC ranks 13th nationally in pharmaceutical
  employment
• Good mixture of large and small companies for
  variety of professional opportunities

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Biotechnology Present and Future
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Construction of a Human Genomic Library
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The work place of BME

• Industry
• Hospitals
• Research Facilities
• Educational
• Medical
• Teaching
• Government Regulatory Agencies

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Funding Opportunities

• Wallace H. Coulter Foundation
• BME research, technology transfer
• Only to BME departments, schools with active
  technology licensing office
• National Institutes of Health
• Total annual BME funding 900 million
• NIBIB annual budget 275 million

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

• The Professions
• Past, Present, and Future Role
• in Health Care Delivery
• Richard T. Schoephoerster, Ph.D.
• Chair, Biomedical Engineering Deptt
• Florida International University

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Pre-WW II Medical Care
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Post-WW II Medical Care
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Post-WW II Technology Transfer

• solid-state electronics
• biomeasurements
• atomic bomb
• nuclear medicine
• sonar technology
• diagnostic ultrasound
• materials (plastics)
• disposable devices
• computers (NASA)
• diagnostic imaging

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Physician-Engineer Partnerships

• Artificial Heart Valves
• 1960s
• Starr (surgeon) and Edwards (engineer)
• 1970s
• Bjork (surgeon) and Shiley (engineer)
• 1980s, 1990s, and today
• St. Jude Medical

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Hospital San Pablo, Bayamon
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Foundations of Biomedical Engineering

• Electrical Engineering
• electrocardiogram
• defibrillator
• automated clinical instrumentation
• imaging systems
• Today
• Cytomics

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Imaging the Living World
DIMENSIONS, COMPLEXITY
MICROSCOPY
MESOSCOPY
MACROSCOPY
Imaging
BIOENGINEERING, ROBOTICS
Technology
Cell Biol.
Pathology/Histology
Embryol.
Medicine
In vivo
Molecular Biol.
Discipline
Organization level
Molec./DNA
CELL
TISSUE
EMBRYO
ANIMAL
HUMAN
Information
CLINICAL
GENOMICS
PROTEOMICS, CYTOMICS
PHENOMICS




Spending (s-log)
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Foundations of Biomedical Engineering

• Mechanical Engineering
• orthopaedics
• cardiovascular devices
• Today
• Nanodevices

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Future Foundation of Biomedical Engineering

• Tissue engineering
• True integration of biology and engineering
• Treating diseased or damaged tissues and organs
  with artificially grown replacements
• No more electronic pacemakers or mechanical
  hearts!

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Tissue Engineering
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Interdisciplinary Pursuits
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Integrating Academia, Clinical Medicine, and the
Biomedical Industry

• Florida International University
• October 21, 2003

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Defining Products and Customers

• Products
• Graduates
• Technology
• Engineering Services
• Customers
• Industry
• Clinical Medicine
• Other Universities

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• Department of
• Biomedical Engineering
• http//www.bme.fiu.edu/

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• Department of Biomedical Engineering The
  Engineering Center
• Florida International University
• 10555 West Flagler Street, EAS 2600
• Miami, Florida 33199
• Phone [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Information BMEinfo_at_fiu.edu

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Vision Statement

• The Biomedical Engineering Department at FIU
• Will be the prime resource for biomedical
  engineering
• education, training, research, and technology
  development in
• Florida
• And be nationally recognized as a model for
  servicing the needs
• of the clinical medicine and the biomedical
  industries through
• workforce and technology development.

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Mission Statement

• To integrate academia, clinical medicine, and the
  biomedical industry
• In the education and training of the next
  generation of biomedical engineers
• In research and development activities leading to
  innovations in medical technology
• In transfer of that medical technology to
  commercialization and clinical implementation
• In the continuing development of biomedical
  engineering as a profession, its impact on the
  delivery of health care, and its role in
  sustaining and growing the local and national
  economies

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BME Approach to Curriculum

• Products
• Graduates
• Research
• Technology
• Engineering Services
• Customers
• Industry
• Clinical Medicine
• Other Universities
• Funding Agencies

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Undergraduate Education

• Two Possible Routes
• Combined BS(minor)/MS Program
• BS in Electrical Engineering/minor and MS in
  Biomedical Engineering
• BS in Mechanical Engineering/minor and MS in
  Biomedical Engineering
• BS in Biomedical Engineering

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Technology Entrepreneurship

• Real world experience that combines the senior
  design project with business plan competition
• Utilizes E-teams
• Prototype required with business plan
• Cash prizes
• Venture capitalists and entrepreneurs as judges

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Combined BS(minor)/MS Program

• Target Customer Medical Device Industry
• Provides mechanical and electrical tracks
  common to most biomedical engineering programs
• Does not sacrifice depth in either area while
  providing biomedical application

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Clinical Rotations

• Purpose
• Introduction to the end-user of medical device
  development
• Observation of medical procedures
• Forum for interaction and discussion with medical
  personnel
• Course description
• 3 hours/week 2 procedures individually arranged
• Each session lecture, tour/demonstration,
  discussion
• Student evaluation attendance, weekly reports,
  other written assignments

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BME Industry in South Florida
Partnership Program
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application listing general research clinical
laboratory genetic analysis drug discovery
research center immunology lab automation disease
mgmt. primary care MSDS
certificates of analysis tracertificates of
analysis training education declarations /
certificates instructions for use overview literat
ure lab resources events calendar worldwide
contacts
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The Clo-Sur P.A.D. (Pressure Applied Dressing)
for use in the local management of bleeding
wounds lacerations, abrasions, nose bleeds,
vascular access site, percutaneous catheters or
tubes and surgical debridement and the promotion
of rapid control of bleeding in patients
following hemodialysis and in patients on
anticoagulation therapy. For product ordering
Medtronic Inc.
(SCV) cardio-vascular and minimally invasive
surgery arena. It develop state-of-the-art
minimally invasive devices and related technology
systems. Medical device industry with various
companies from start ups to multi-billion dollar
corporations.
The Scion Cardio-Vascular SCI-PRO is intended
for use during urological and/or
gastroenterological procedures requiring the
removal of calculi, debris, and/or fragment
retrieval of catheter tubing, wire guides, pull
wires and plastic stents, and other foreign
objects.
Created by SAURIAN
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Target Customers

• Medical Device Industry
• Tissue Engineering Industry
• Biotechnology Industry
• Biopharmaceutical Industry
• Medical Schools/Clinical Organizations
• Research Universities
• National Institutes of Health
• Hospitals

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Integrating Academia, Clinical Medicine, and the
Biomedical Industry

• Partnership Program
• Immersion into clinical environment
• clinical rotations/research experience
• Immersion into industrial environment
• industry internships/entrepreneurship
  opportunities

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MS and PhD in Biomedical Engineering

• Target Customers
• Research Universities
• National Institutes of Health
• Wallace H. Coulter Foundation
• Industry
• Clinical Organizations

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MS and PhD Program Summary

• Breadth and depth in five areas
• Biomechanics, biomaterials, medical devices
• Bioinstrumentation, biomedical image/signal
  processing
• Drug delivery, tissue engineering
• Medical physics, nuclear medicine
• Bio-nanotechnology
• Mathematics
• Modeling living systems
• Life Science
• Cellular and molecular level

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Major Accomplishments 4-22-03

• MS Program
• 40 students, 29 FT and fully-supported
• 2002 newly enrolled students (8) GPA3.5, GRE
  1350
• Undergraduate Program
• 47 minors, 29 majors (24 intended)
• GPA 2.9, SAT 1071
• Research Funding
• 7.5 million to primary and joint faculty over
  last 5 years
• Partnership Program
• 14 active members
• 8 companies, 4 hospitals, 2 universities

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Research Themes for BME at FIU

• Major Theme
• Engineering living systems at the tissue,
  cellular, and molecular level
• Focus Areas
• Cardiovascular, Neuroscience, Oncology
• Areas of Expertise
• Biomechanics, biomaterials, medical devices
• Bioinstrumentation, biomedical image/signal
  processing
• Drug delivery, tissue engineering
• Medical physics, nuclear medicine
• Bio-nanotechnology

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Cardiovascular Eng. Center FIU
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Problem Overview

• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - narrowing or
  blockage of coronary arteries
• PTCA non-surgical treatment for opening 
  obstructed coronary arteries
• 561,000 PTCA procedures performed in 2000 in the
  US
• Restenosis occurs in 30 to 50 of patients

• Stents 70-90 of all interventional cardiology
  procedures
• In- stent restenosis rates 20-40

American Heart Association, Heart Disease and
Stroke Statistics 2003 Update
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Development of a Novel Polymer Heart
ValveRichard Schoephoerster
Partner Innovia LLC
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Polymer Composite Valve
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Design of Artificial Heart Valve
Courtesy of BME - FIU
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Left Heart and Load Simulator
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Cardiovascular Mechanics James E.
Moore Jr., Ph.D. Director,
Cardiovascular Engineering Center
Better mechanical design Compliance Matching
Stent (US Patent 6,206,961)
Stents to treat atherosclerosis
Artery wall stress
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Radioactive Stents

• Scaffold prevent early wall recoil
• Radiation emitted prevents neointimal
  hyperplasia and vascular remodeling
• Advantages
• No need for further intervention
• Low incidence of late thrombosis
• Centering problem is virtually eliminated
• Lower activity (up to 10,000 times lower than
  activity levels of sources used in catheter-based
  systems)

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Restenosis

• Proliferative response mechanism triggered by
  interventional injury
• Intimal injury Injury to vessel wall, caused by
  stent placement, illustrated by small vessel
  cracks or splits
• THREE MAIN MECHANISMS
• Early Recoil immediate loss of lumen diameter
• Remodeling gradual vascular contraction caused
  by adventitial myofibroblast proliferation,
  leading to a fibrotic response in the adventitia

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Restenosis

• Neointimal hyperplasia cell growth in lining of
  arterial wall
• Smooth muscle cells from the media migrate
  through the medial tears to reach the luminal
  surface
• Myofibroblasts from the adventitia migrate across
  the EEL and transform smooth muscle cells at the
  site of injury

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Alternative Computer Interface for Users With
Motor Disabilities Based on Real-time
Electromyogram (EMG) Processing Armando Barreto

• 3 EMG electrodes under headband
• EMG signals amplified and processed in
  real-time by a DSP board
• System converts voluntary contraction of
  Frontalis and Temporalis muscles to computer
  cursor steps (?,?,?,?) or mouse click.

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Source Localization of Epileptic Interictal
Spikes Adjouadi and Yaylali, Miami Childrens
Hospital
3D representation of localization results
superimposed to MRI
EEG signals containing interictal spikes 2D
representation of localization results
Result obtained from MRI (xa, ya, za)
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Quantitative Assessment of a Hybrid SPECT/CT for
Myocardial Imaging Juan Franquiz
Objective Validate a new imaging method for
improving the diagnostic accuracy of coronary
artery disease.
Partner Miami Cardiac and Vascular Institute,
Baptist Hospital of Miami.
Hybrid SPECT/CT used for clinical and
experimental studies with a cardiac phantom.
NC
Results of studies with a cardiac phantom. NC no
corrected images, C Corrected images.
C
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High Throughput Image Cytometry
Jeffrey Price
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• In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model for Drug
  Delivery Studies
• Anthony McGoron
• Develop anticancer drugs that transport across
  the blood-brain barrier
• Endothelial cells are co-cultured with glioma
  cells in a hollow fiber tube
• Effective blood-brain barrier with endothelial
  cells attached to the luminal side of the
  capillary membrane and glioma cells attached to
  the extraluminal side of the capillary membrane.

Partner Miami Childrens Hospital
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Drug Transport
Anticancer agents encapsulated in biodegradable
polymers for controlled release and chemotherapy
Modeling and synthesis of nonviral vectors for
drug delivery
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Conformational space of Cytochrome C Normal Mode
A New Paradigm for Digital Storage Devices using
Proteins Renugopalakrishnan
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Protein Nanodevices
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Nano Bio-technology applications of proteins as
biomaterials     Cytochrome C from the Horse
Heart  
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Opportunities

• Growing interaction with local industry
• Collaboration with local hospitals
• Collaboration with other FIU units
• Attractiveness for foreign students
• Plasticity of unit and program
• Minority institution
• Establishment of a medical school

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Conclusions

• Reasons to invest in BME
• Job growth and local economic impact
• Funding opportunities
• Critical mass and proven success
• Equal or better standing with benchmarks
• Continue role as catalyst for biomedical research
  and education

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A bioengineer is anyone that considers himself
as one Y.C. Fung