Module 9 The Built Environment

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Module 9The Built Environment

• BCN 1582
• International Sustainable Development

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Where we are and going.

• Part I Introduction and Foundation
• Part II International Sustainability
• Part III The Built Environment
• Part IV Applications to Other Sectors

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II. The Built Environment

• Module 9 Built Environment (26 Oct)
• Module 10 Energy (2 Nov)
• Module 11 Water (9 Nov)
• Module 12 Materials (16 Nov)
• Test 18 Nov

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And later.

• IV Other sectors
• Week of 23 Nov (Tues)
• Week of 30 Nov (Tues)
• Week of 7 Dec (Tues)
• Final Test TBA

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Reminder State of the World

• This week SOW Chapter 8
• Next week RBE Chapter 6, NC Chapter 6
• Third week RBE Chapter 8, NC Chapter 7
• Fourth week RBE Chapter 10

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Todays Built Environment

• A complex web of systems and building structures
  serving human wants and needs through greater
  thru-puts of resources
• Keys to understanding the role of the
  Construction Industry within Sustainable
  Development
• Fundamental understanding of basic sustainability
  concepts
• Fundamental understanding of how buildings use
  resources and discharge wastes throughout their
  life-cycle

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How Buildings Work

• Purpose
• Provide the human support functions necessary for
  us to live and work in a comfortable, healthy and
  productive environment
• Buildings are fundamentally an extension of human
  metabolic processes

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How Buildings Work

• Basic human processes supported by all buildings
  include
• Metabolism of water, energy and materials
  (plumbing, HVAC, electrical)
• Waste removal and recycling (plumbing)
• Thermal comfort (HVAC)
• Respiration (HVAC)
• Sight (lighting)
• Physical protection (structure, envelope)
• Performing task (equipment)

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Providing Water

• Buildings and settlements must always be near an
  adequate source of clean water
• Pure surface or groundwater source produced from
  the distillation or filtration of atmospheric
  water vapor
• Piped to storage reservoirs for treatment and
  distribution
• Use gravity as much as possible

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Providing Water

• Piping, pumps, storage, etc. involved in moving
  drinking quality water from the water plant to
  the user are called domestic or potable
  distribution systems

• Part of the distribution system from the water
  plant to the meter is called the supply-side
• Part of the distribution system from the meter to
  the building and the plumbing inside the building
  is called the demand-side

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Providing Water

• Potable systems
• Eliminate harmful chemical and biological
  contaminates during treatment and provide
  residual disinfection
• Provide sufficient pressure to operate fixtures
  (toilets, showers, dishwashers, etc.) and
  eliminate backflow

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Impact of providing water

• Because of relative low cost and ease of
  transport, up to 90 of all potable water is used
  for non-potable use.
• Average American uses 100 gallons per day, or
  35 billion gallons
• Rate of use is faster than rates of regeneration

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Removing and Recycling Wastes

• Nature works in closed cycles
• What is waste to one organism is food to another
• Nothing is wasted except small amounts of
  renewable energy from the sun

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Removing Wastes

• The wastewater recovery system inside the
  building is known as the drainage, waste and
  venting (DWV) system.
• The wastewater recovery system outside of the
  building leading back to the treatment plant is
  called the sanitary or sewer system.
• Storm water runoff and retention is a separate
  system that generally drains directly to surface
  waters without treatment

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Removing Waste

• In nature, food nutrients derived from the soil
  and sunlight (plants) move through the food chain
  and are returned back to the soil
• Wastes flushed from building using potable water
• Wastes gathered at treatment plant for biological
  treatment, disinfection and discharge
• Because we use water as a transport vehicle for
  wastes, food nutrients are ultimately returned to
  surface waters via treatment plant effluent

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Impact of Wastes

• Surface waters incapable of assimilating wastes,
  resulting in nutrient over-loading, excessive
  plant growth, sunlight deprivation, decay,
  dissolved oxygen consumption, aquatic life kills,
  dead ecosystem

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Providing Thermal Comfort

• Psychrometrics how comfortable a person feels
  in relation to air temperature and humidity
• Also influenced by air movement, surface contact
  and radiation
• Building systems that actively control thermal
  comfort are called heating, ventilation and air
  conditioning (HVAC) systems

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Providing Thermal Comfort
Winter heat loss
Summer heat gain
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Providing Thermal Comfort

• Heat, a form of energy, moves from high to low
  concentration (entropy)
• Unless your environment is above 99F, you are
  constantly losing heat
• Buildings act like clothing to regulate the
  bodys loss of internal heat at a comfortable
  rate
• Slow loss of heat in winter
• Increase loss of heat in summer

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Providing Thermal Comfort

• In order to regulate the rate of heat transferred
  from the occupant to the building, the building
  must regulate the amount of heat gained and lost
  within its envelope.
• Heat gained inside envelope (people, equipment,
  lights, etc.)
• Heat gained and lost through envelope (outside
  temperature, infiltration, infiltration,
  sunlight, etc.)
• Regulated by active and passive systems

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Providing Thermal Comfort

• Building Envelope (passive system)
• Heating systems (active system)
• Cooling systems (active system)
• All three used to maintain human comfort
  conditions
• 72-78F
• 40-60 relative humidity

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Providing Thermal Comfort
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Providing Thermal Comfort
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Providing Thermal Comfort
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Impact of Thermal Comfort

• Buildings use about a third of all energy
  consumed in the U.S.
• Maintaining thermal comfort comprises about half
  of all the energy used by buildings
• HVAC systems use refrigerants that have either
  ozone-depleting potential (ODP) or global warming
  potential.

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Providing Respiration

• Nature renews outdoor air
• Sunlight kills pathogens
• Plants remove CO2
• Gravity and rainfall draw out particles
• Wind disperses and dilutes contaminates
• 15 cubic feet per minute (cfm) of fresh air
  make-up aka number of building air changes

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Providing Respiration
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Impacts of Providing Respiration

• Too little outside air and a build-up of CO2 and
  recirculated airborne debris and pathogens
  results in sick building
• Too much outside air and excessive energy use to
  heat or cool and control humidity
• If humidity is not controlled, bio-growth in HVAC
  ducts and building surfaces

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Providing Illumination

• We gather most of the information needed to
  survive and be productive from our eyes
• Light comes from natural (passive) and artificial
  (active) sources
• Reflected wavelengths are captured by our eyes,
  converted to electrical impulses and transmitted
  to the brain, which then creates visual images
• Amount of light needed is determined by the task

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Providing Illumination
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Impacts of Providing Illumination

• Many spaces today are over lit or use less than
  optimal light distribution, do not adjust to
  changing levels of daylight
• Lighting systems not only use energy, the energy
  that is used is transformed to heat for added
  load on HVAC systems
• Lamps (bulbs) are often made of detrimental
  materials such as mercury

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Providing Physical Protection

• Protection from elements
• Protection from unwanted intrusion
• Provide useful surfaces and resource reserves
• Provides envelope for desirable human environment
• Structure for active and passive systems that
  provide water, remove wastes, physical provide
  comfort and illumination, perform tasks, etc.

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Performing Task(s)

• Beyond basic survival, buildings increasingly
  perform human tasks
• All human endeavors whether physical,
  intellectual, etc. require the availability of
  concentrated energy
• The form of energy most needed is electromagnetic
  energy (electricity)

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Impacts of performing tasks

• The transformation and delivery of concentrated
  energy from dilute, low-grade concentrations
  existing in nature requires several steps
• Losses of energy occur in each step (1st and 2nd
  Laws of Thermodynamics)
• Use of non-renewables
• Extracting fossil fuels, emissions to air,
  hazardous wastes, etc.

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Concepts in Sustainable Building

• Just like people, the creation and sustainment of
  the built environment requires five fundamental
  ingredients
• Energy
• Water
• Materials
• Land
• Biota (living systems)

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Sustainable Development

• ....to meet the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of the future
  generations to meet their own needs.
• The World Commission on Environment and
  Development (1987)

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Conventional Building Criteria

• Non-renewable energy
• Wasteful use of materials and byproducts are
  discarded to soil, water and air
• Compliance with the law is the measure of success
• Goals are short term
• Design is based on convenience, custom, and
  economics
• Nature is manipulated to meet a narrow range of
  human needs

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• We cant solve the problems of the past using
  the same thinking and methods that created them
• .Einstein

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Sustainable Principles

• Conserve
• Reuse
• Renew/Recycle
• Protect Nature
• Non-toxins
• Economics
• Quality
• Durability

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Sustainable Building Criteria

• Smaller is better
• Energy-efficient building 
• Use renewable energy
• Optimize material use
• Water-efficient, low-maintenance landscaping 
• Occupants recycling
• Design for durability 
• Design for future reuse and adaptability
• Avoid potential health hazards radon, mold,
  pesticides

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Building Life-cycle (Cradle to Grave)

• Resource extraction
• Manufacture
• Development
• Design
• Construction (Birth)
• Operation and Maintenance (Life)
• Deconstruction (Death)
• Disposition

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Putting it all together
Life-cycle
Life-cycle
Criteria
Criteria
Phases
Phases
Disposition
Disposition
Renovation
Renovation
Conserve

Deconstruction
Deconstruction
Reuse
OM
Renew/Recycle
Construction
Protect Nature
Design
Non-
Toxics

Development
Development
Economics
Manufacture
Manufacture
Quality
Extraction
Extraction
Durability
Resources
Energy Water Materials Land Biota
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Key Players

• Owner
• Architects, engineers, design consultants
• Builders, contractors, CMs, trades
• Facilities managers
• Users
• Lenders
• Manufacturers and suppliers
• Planning code officials
• Service providers
• Community

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Key Player Relationships

• Design / Bid
• - less flexibility, integration
• competitive process, lowest initial cost
• Construction Management
• - less-competitive, cost, GMP
• flexibility, integration, knowledge, GMP
• Design / Build
• - cost-control, less-competitive, capacity
• communication, flexibility, creativity,
  continuity, lowest life-cycle cost

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Key Operationalizing Concepts

• Renovate older buildings
• Create community
• Encourage in-fill and mixed-use development 
• Minimize automobile dependence
• Value and take advantage of site resources
• Locate buildings to minimize environmental impact
• Provide responsible on-site water management 
• Situate buildings to benefit from existing
  vegetation
• Avoid harmful substances (e.g., ozone-depleting
  chemicals in mechanical equipment and
  insulation) 

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Key Operationalizing Concepts

• Use durable products and materials
• Choose low-maintenance building materials 
• Choose building materials with low embodied
  energy
• Buy locally produced building materials
• Use building products made from recycled
  materials
• Use salvaged building materials when possible
• Seek responsible wood supplies
• Avoid materials that will off-gas pollutants
• Minimize use of pressure-treated lumber

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Key Operationalizing Concepts

• Minimize packaging waste 
• Install high-efficiency heating and cooling
  equipment
• Install high-efficiency lights and appliances
• Install water-efficient equipment
• Install mechanical ventilation equipment
• Protect trees and topsoil during sitework 
• Minimize job-site waste
• Establish measurable goals and standards!
• CERTIFIED ENERGY STAR OR LEED GREEN BUILDING

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The U.S. Green Building Council
www.usgbc.org
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Green Building Materials
Hebel Block ACC
Truss Joist McMillan Engineered Lumber
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Rocky Mountain Institute Building
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Darmstadt Passivhaus
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Earthship under Construction
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Planning Concepts

• Urban Planning How buildings and infrastructure
  interact to form community synergy
• Location efficiency
• Transit, walkability, mixed-uses
• Urban density, mix of housing types
• Sidewalks, porches, fronts and backs
• Alleys, side and rear garages
• Urban and infill locations

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Industry Response Green, High Performance
Buildings

• What is Green Building? The creation and
  maintenance of a healthy built environment based
  on resource efficient and ecological principles.
• Also referred to as High Performance buildings
• And sometimes referred to as Sustainable
  Construction
• Architects refer to the process as Ecological
  Design or Ecologically Sustainable Design.

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Seaside
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Seaside
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Seaside
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Seaside
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Orenco Station, OR
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Orenco Station
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Shopping Center
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Strip Mall
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Green Buildings as a Response

• Energy efficiency -50
• Water conserving -60
• Reduced waste -80
• Deconstructable, recyclable future resources
• Improved site protection
• Healthier buildings IAQ during construction

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Green Buildings

• Energy
• Passive Design energy, lighting, envelope (skin,
  windows, door)
• Renewable energy solar HW, PV
• High efficiency lighting, HVAC, equipment, etc.
• Water
• Low flow fixtures, gray water, rainwater
  harvesting, reclaimed water
• Native and adapted species, low water use
• Materials
• Zero emissions, indoor environmental quality
  (IEQ)
• Modular, deconstructable
• Renewable, Recyclable, Recycled Content, Reused

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The LEED Standard

• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
  (LEED)
• US Green Building Council consensus standard
• Scorecard for buildings Platinum, Gold, Silver,
  Bronze
• Rates buildings in 5 major areas
• Sustainable Sites
• Improving Energy Efficiency
• Conserving Materials and Resources
• Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality
• Safeguarding Water

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ABOUT LEED CERTIFICATION

• LEED is a suite of standards
• LEED-NC 2.1 is for commercial buildings
• LEED-EB about to be issued in final form
• LEED-Residential (under development)
• LEED-Retail (under development)
• Point System (69 Total Points)
• Certified 26 points
• Silver 33 points
• Gold 39 points
• Platinum 52 points
• Created to assess buildings but actually serves
  to guide design and construction

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http//www.usgbc.org
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Growth of Green Building Activity, USGBC
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US Green Home Builder Programs
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The Florida Green Building Coalition
http//floridagreenbuilding.org
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Rinker Hall

• Gold Certified 39 points (69 max)
• Energy
• Extensive daylighting, daylighting geometry,
  lighting controls, low-e windows
• White reflective roof, metal skin, high
  resistance envelope
• Energy recovery ventilator (ERV)
• Variable air volume (VAV) system
• Energy efficient motors

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Rinker Hall (more)

• Water
• Waterless urinals
• Low flow faucets
• Rainwater harvesting for toilets
• Reclaimed water for irrigation
• Materials
• Linoleum flooring
• Cellulose insulation
• Wood from sustainably managed forests
• Deconstructability
• Recycled content carpeting

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Rinker Hall (even more!)

• Indoor Environmental Quality
• Low emissions paints and carpeting
• Daylighting and green views
• Site
• Former parking lot
• Trees preserved
• Recycled asphalt and limerock

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Rinker Hall (last one, promise!)

• Construction Operations
• Construction waste reduction and recycling
• Protecting ductwork during construction
• Erosion and sedimentation control
• Protecting trees

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San Francisco Federal Building
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Solaire, New York City
Solaire- New York City
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University of Nottingham
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Critical Role of Landscape

• Heating and cooling
• Stormwater storage and uptake
• Amenity
• Waste processing
• Calorie production
• Artistic connection

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Mercedes Showroom StuttgartGround Coupling
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Radiant Cooling Systems
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Closed Materials Cycles

• Strategy is to keep materials in productive use
  three levels required
• Buildings that can be disassembled to support
  reuse and recycling
• Products designed for reuse and disassembly
• Materials that are valuable, recyclable
• Mimicking nature

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Hume Hall University of Florida Nov 2000
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Bioregionalism

• Bioregionalismresearching and understanding the
  system larger than the project scale.
• Applying that knowledge to the interaction of the
  urban components infrastructure, utilities, and
  neighborhood patterns.
• Incorporating the "free work" of natural systems
  - ecology, biology, physics, climate, hydrology,
  and soils by using natural processes rather than
  technology for water storage and cleaning, micro
  climatic control and resource use, reuse and
  recycling.
• Designing the connections to make use of this
  "free work" biourbanism

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Animal Architecture
http//www.gaiagroup.org/