A NATION COMES APART

1
A NATION COMES APART

• GEORGIA PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - WHY DID THE ECONOMIES OF
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH DEVELOP DIFFERENTLY?
WHAT WAS GEORGIA LIKE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR? HOW
DID STATES RIGHTS AND SLAVERY LEAD TO
SECESSION? KEY TERMS - INTERDEPENDENT,
SECTIONALISM, TARIFF, SOVREIGN, STATES RIGHTS,
SECESSION SECEDE, AND TERRITORY.
2
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
WERE TEARING THE COUNTRY APART BY 1860. THESE
ARE VISUAL EXAMPLES OF MANY OF THE DIFFERENCES!
NULLIFICATION
3
ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
THE NORTH HAD TO RELY ON INDUSTRY MORE THAN
FARMING DUE TO ROCKY SOIL AND COLDER CLIMATE.
THEREFORE, THEY LOST THEIR NEED FOR SLAVES. THEY
ALSO HAD FAST MOVING RIVERS TO POWER THEIR
INDUSTRIES, AND NATURAL HARBORS FROM WHICH TO
SHIP THEIR MANUFACTURED GOODS.
NORTH -
THE SOUTHS WARMER CLIMATE AND FERTILE SOIL WAS
PERFECT FOR AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY BASED ON
SLVERY AND A MORE RURAL THAN URBAN LIFESTYLE.
SOUTH -
4
URBAN NORTH - RURAL SOUTH
NORTH -
FACTORY GROWTH, MOVING FROM FARM TO CITY, AND
LOSS OF SELF SUFFICIENCY WERE CHARACTERISTIC OF
NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT. THE NORTH EXPECTED
ASSISTANCE FROM THE GOVERNMENT IN AREAS
WHERE THEY WERE NOT SELF SUFFICIENT.
SOUTH -
THE SOUTH SPREAD OUT OVER LARGE FARMS AND SMALL
FARMS HAD FEW FACTORY JOB OPPORTUNITES, AND THEY
WERE MORE SELF SUFFICIENT THAN THE NORTH.
SOUTHERNERS EXPECTED LITTLE HELP FROM THE
GOVERNMENT.
5
GROWING REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
WHAT HELPED ONE SIDE MIGHT HURT THE OTHER WITH
REGARD TO THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH BECAUSE THEIR
ECONOMIES WERE VERY DIFFERENT. LEADERS FROM EACH
PART OF THE COUNTRY NORTH, SOUTH, AND WEST
INCREASINGLY SOUGHT GOVERNMENT ACTION THAT
BENEFITTED THEIR SECTION OF THE COUNTRY THE MOST.
THIS WAS CALLED SECTIONALISM. THE AREAS WHERE
THIS WAS MOST TRUE WAS IN THE AREAS DEPICTED IN
THE PICTURES BELOW!!
6
TARIFFS
NORTH -
YES
TARIIFS PROTECTED NORTHERN MANUFACTURED GOODS
SOUTH -
NO
TARIFFS CAUSED THE SALE OF COTTON IN EUROPE TO
BECOME MORE DIFFICULT FOR SOUTHERN PLANTERS.
ANGER IN THE SOUTH OVER TARIFFS BECAME SO STRONG
THAT SOME SOUTHERN STATES THREATENED AND ACTUALLY
DID DECIDE TO IGNORE SOME OF THE FEDERALLY
ESTABLISHED TARIFFS.
7
STATES RIGHTS
NORTH -
THE NORTH BASICALLY BELIEVED THAT ONLT THE
SUPREME COURT COULD DECLARE A LAW
UNCONSTITUTIONAL, AND NO STATE COULD
VOLUNTARILLY LEAVE THE UNION.
SOUTH -
THE SOUTH BELIEVED THAT THEY WERE ENTITLED TO
LEAVE THE UNION AT ANY TIME THEY DEEMED THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT WAS OVERSTEPPING THEIR
AUTHORITY IN THE MAKING OF DAMAGING LAWS OR
TARIFFS. THEY BELIEVED THE STATES HAD A RIGHT
TO NULLIFY ACTIONS BY THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
THEY SAW AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
8
THE WEST
NORTH -
WANTED THE WEST DEVELOPED WITH ROADS, CANALS, AND
GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED INDUSTRIES TO KEEP NORTHERN
WORKERS FROM LEAVING TO ACQUIRE CHEAP LAND IN
THE WEST. THEY ALSO WANTED THE WEST TO BE FREE
NOT SLAVE.
SOUTH -
WANTED THE WESTERN LANDS DISTRIBUTED AS CHEAPLY
AND QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE FOR FARM USE, AND THEY
WANTED SLAVERY TO BE LEGAL OR AT LEAST THE
DECISION OF THE SETTLERS WHO MOVE THERE.
9
SLAVERY DIVIDES THE NATION
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - WHAT WERE THE SECTIONAL
VIEWS OF THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH? HOW DID
NATIONAL LEADERS TRY TO COMPROMISE ON THE SLAVERY
ISSUE?
KEY TERMS - EMANCIPATE, ABOLITION, AND
ABOLITIONIST
NO MATTER WHAT THE COUNTRY WAS ARGUING
ABOUT, STATES RIGHTS, THE POWERS OF THE NATIONAL
GOVT., OR THE FUTURE OF THE WEST, SLAVERY WAS A
PART OF THAT ARGUMENT ALSO.
SLAVERY WAS NOT BORN IN THE SOUTH. EVERY
COLONY HAD SLAVES!! EVEN WHEN THOMAS JEFFERSON
SAID ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL, SLAVES WERE NOT
INCLUDED.
PENNSYLAVANIA AND MASSACHUSETTS EMANCIPATED THEIR
SLAVES IN 1780. EVERY NORTHERN STATE
WOULD EMANCIPATE BY 1804. THE SOUTH WOULD FIGHT
TO DEFEND THEIR RIGHT TO KEEP SLAVES UNTIL THEY
WERE FORCED TO EMANCIPATE BY LOSING THE CIVIL WAR.
10
WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SLAVERY
WHAT NEW STATES TO THE WEST WOULD BECOME, SLAVE
OR FREE, WOULD BE A 73 YEAR ARGUMENT IN THE
UNITED STATES PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR. THE
ARGUMENT WAS REALLY ABOUT REPRESENTATION IN
CONGRESS. BEFORE EXPANSION WESTWARD, THE NUMBER
OF FREE AND SLAVE STATES WERE EQUAL. WITH THE
ADMITTENCE OF WESTERN STATES THE BALANCE WOULD BE
THROWN OUT OF WACK IF THE SLAVE AND FREE STATES
DID NOT COME INTO BEING AT THE SAME TIME. THE
AREA IN QUESTION WAS THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE OF
1803.
11
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
1820, MISSOURI APPLIES FOR ADMISSION TO THE UNION
AS A SLAVE STATE. NORTHERNERS PRO- TESTED. MANY
DID NOT WANT SLAVE STATES TO EXIST PAST THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THEY CAME TO A COMPROMISE.
MAINE WOULD ENTER AS FREE STATE AND MISSOURI AS
A SLAVE STATE. SLAVERY WOULD BE PRO- HIBITED
NORTH OF 36 30 LATITUDE. THE SOUTH WOULD NOT
BE COMPLETELY SATISFIED WITH THIS AS SLAVE
TERRITORY UNDER 36 30 WAS MUCH SMALLER THAN THE
TERRITORY ABOVE IT.
12
COMPROMISE OF 1850
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE WAS NOT ENOUGH. MEXICO
LOST TO THE U.S. IN A WAR, AND CEDED VAST WESTERN
LANDS TO THE U.S.. CALIFORNIA BECAME ONE OF THE
FIRST OF THESE NEW TER- RITORIES TO APPLY FOR
STATEHOOD. TALK OF SECESSION IF CALIFORNIA
JOINED THE RANKS OF THE FREE STATES LED TO THE
ACCEPTANCE OF A NEW COMPROMISE OFFERED BY HENRY
CLAY OF KENTUCKY. THE PROVISIONS OF THE
COMPROMISE 1. CALIFORNIA WOULD BE FREE. 2.
CONGRESS WOULD ENACT THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
MAKING NORTHERNERS RETURN ANY SLAVES THAT ESCAPED
TO THEIR STATES. 3. THE 36 30 LINE WOULD BE DONE
AWAY WITH AND ANY FUTURE TERRITORIES APPLYING FOR
STATE- HOOD WOULD BE ALLOWED TO CHOOSE FOR
THEMSELVES WHAT THEY WANTED TO BE SLAVE OR
FREE. THE COMPROMISE WAS A DISASTER 1.
TERRITORIES THAT APPLIED FOR STATEHOOD BECAME
BLOODY FIGHTING GROUNDS BETWEEN PRO SLAVE AND
ABOLITIONISTS. 2. KANSAS WOULD BE ONE OF THOSE
TERRITORIES, AND IT WOULD TAKE THE NICKNAME
BLEEDING KANSAS. 3. NORTHERNERS ALSO HATED
FOLLOWING THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.
13
SLAVERY IN GEORGIA
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS - WHY DID ATTITUDES ABOUT
SLAVERY CHANGE IN GEORGIA AFTER 1830?
WHAT WAS LIFE FOR SLAVES AND FREE BLACKS LIKE IN
ANTEBELLUM GA.? HOW WAS SLAVERY RESISTED
IN GEORGIA? KEY TERMS - UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
14
SLAVERY IN GEORGIA DEPENDED ON COTTON, AND COTTON
DEPENDED ON SLAVERY. THE 2 WERE INSEPERABLE.
SLAVES WENT UP IN VALUE FROM 1790 - 1860 FROM
300.00 TO 1,800.00. AS MORE MONEY WAS SUNK
INTO SLAVES, ABOLITIONIST CALLS FOR FREEING ALL
SLAVES BECAME MORE THREATENING.
SLAVERY WAS OUTLAWED IN GEORGIA WHEN GEORGIA
FIRST BECAME A COLONY. GEORGIANS BE- FORE 1830,
CALLED FOR THE GRADUAL REDUCTION OF SLAVERY AND
NO NEWSPAPER WOULD DEFEND IT. SLAVEOWNERS MADE
PROVISIONS IN THEIR WILLS FOR THEIR SLAVES TO BE
FREED UPON THEIR DEATH. GEORGIA PASSED A LAW IN
1801 SAYING ONLY THE STATE COULD FREE A SLAVE, SO
MANY OWNERS SIMPLY ALLOWED THEIR SLAVES TO LIVE
AS FREE BLACKS ON THEIR PLANTATION OR
THEY CARRIED THEIR SLAVES TO A FREE STATE WHERE
THEY RELEASED THEM.
15
FREE BLACK FROM MASSACHUSETTS, PAUL CUFFE, WAS
CONVINCED THAT THE ONLY WAY A BLACK PERSON COULD
EXPERIENCE FREEDOM WAS IN THEIR HOMELAND. HE
BELIEVED THIS SO MUCH THAT AT HIS OWN EXPENSE,
HE PAID FOR 38 BLACK AMERICANS TO RETURN TO SIERA
LEON ON THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA. THIS LED TO
THE FORMATION OF THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION
SOCIETY IN 1816. OTHER LEADERS IN THIS MOVEMENT
INCLUDED PROMINENT GEORGIAN WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD,
THEN U.S. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. IN 1820, 86
BLACK PIONEERS SPONSORED BY THE SOCIETY,
SAILED FROM NEW YORK TO CREATE A NEW COLONY IN
AFRICA CALLED LIBERIA (FROM THE LATIN WORD LIBER,
MEANING TO FREE).
PAUL CUFFE
WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD
16
EVENTUALLY, 12,000 EX SLAVES AND FREE BLACKS WENT
TO LIBERIA WHICH BECAME A FREE NATION IN
1847. ABOUT 1 OUT OF 10 OF THE LIBERIAN COLONISTS
CAME FROM GEORGIA. AUGUSTA GEORGIA SLAVE OWNERS
PAID FOR THE RETURN OF THEIR SLAVES. ONE OF THE
18 THAT DID SO WAS RICHARD TUBMAN. HE DIED IN
1836 LEAVING 10,000 DOLLARS FOR THE EMANCIPATION
OF HIS SLAVES. HIS WIFE SENT 42 OF THEIR FORMER
SLAVES TO LIBERIA WHERE THEIR CHILDREN BECAME
LEADERS LIKE WILLIAM TUBMAN PRESIDENT OF LIBERIA
IN 1944.
17
FREE BLACKS IN GEORGIA
FREE OR NOT, BLACKS IN GEORGIA WERE SEEN BY MANY
WHITES AS A PROBLEM, COMPETITION, OR A THREAT TO
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY THEY TRIED TO PROTECT.
THEY WERE NOT REALLY FREE. THEY WERE WARDS OF
THE STATE LIKE ORPHANS. THEY WERE NOT
CONSIDERED CITIZENS, AND THEY HAD NO POLITICAL
RIGHTS. MANY LAWS GOVERNED THEIR LIFESTYLES,
JOBS, MOVEMENT, ACTIVITIES, AND RIGHTS. THEY
COULD OWN AND CONTROL THEIR OWN LAND, BUT THEY
HAD TO HAVE A GUARDIAN. A PERSON WHO TOOK CARE
OF THEIR LEGAL MAT- TERS AND ADMINISTERED WILLS
AND CONTRACTS FOR THEM.
CITIES LIKE ATLANTA, AUGUSTA, AND MILLEDGEVILLE
PASSED ALL SORTS OF CRAZY LAWS TO DISCOURAGE
FREE BLACKS FROM LIVING IN THEIR CITIES. MOST
OF THESE LAWS WERE SO VAGUE, A FREE BLACK PERSON
COULD BE FORCED BACK INTO SLAVERY AT THE HATEFUL
WHIM OF ANY WHITE PERSON WHO SO DESIRED TO
MISTREAT THEM REGARDLESS OF THE REASON.
18
FORCES LINE UP ON BOTH SIDES OF THE SLAVERY ISSUE
AFTER 1830, ATTITUDES ABOUT SLAVERY IN GEORGIA
CHANGED. WHY? 1. COTTON MADE SLAVES MORE
DESIRED AND VALUABLE 2. NAT TURNERS SLAVE REVOLT
IN VIRGINIA LED TO FEAR OF SIMILAR EVENTS
ELSEWHERE. 3. ABOLITIONISTS IN THE NORTH ANGERED
SOUTHERN SLAVE OWNERS CALLING FOR THE FREEING
OF ALL SLAVES ABOLITIONISTS FORMED ANTISLAVERY
GROUPS, NEWSPAPERS, AND UNDERGROUND
RAILROADS TO ASSIST SLAVES IN FLEEING AND
RESISTING SLAVERY.
19
(No Transcript)