Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building

1
14

• Europe Transformed Reform and State Building

2
The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
Background

• The Growth of State Power
• Social Changes in the Renaissance
• The Impact of Printing
• Prelude to Reformation
• Christian Humanism
• Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
• Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
• Problems in the Church
• View of ordinary people

3
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany

• Monk and professor at the University of
  Wittenberg
• Looking for assurance of salvation
• Catholic Church emphasized both faith and good
  works
• Luther arrived at the idea of justification by
  faith alone
• Immediate problem was the selling of indulgences
• Ninety-five Theses, 1517
• Excommunication, 1521
• The religious movement became a revolution
• Quickly became territorial, or state, churches
• New form of worship
• Closely tied to political affairs
• Peace of Augsburg, 1555

4
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

• Calvin and Calvinism
• John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
• Doctrine of predestination
• Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536
• English Reformation
• King Henry VIII of England (1509-1574)
• Desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon
• Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, 1533
• Act of Supremacy, 1534
• King Edward VI of England (1547-1553)
• Queen Mary of England (1553-1558)

5
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (cont.d)

• Anabaptists
• Radical reformers
• Believed in separation of church and state
• The Social Impact of the Reformation
• New views of the family

6
Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560
7
The Catholic Reformation

• Society of Jesus, 1540
• Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
• Absolute obedience
• Use of education to achieve their goals
• A reformed papacy
• Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
• Reform commission
• Recognized the Jesuits
• Council of Trent, 1545-1563
• Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

8
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the
Sixteenth Century

• French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
• Huguenots
• Ultra-Catholics
• War of the three Henries, (1588-1589)
• Henry IV, (1589-1610)
• Edict of Nantes, (1598)
• Philip II and Militant Catholicism
• Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598)
• Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong
  monarchical authority
• Problems with the Spanish Netherlands
• Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks
• Problems with the Netherlands
• The England of Elizabeth
• Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry
  VIII
• The Spanish Armada

9
Europe in the Seventeenth Century
10
Economic and Social Crisis Witchcraft Mania

• Italy became an economic backwater
• Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to
  85 million in 1600 decline after 1650,
  especially in central and southern Europe
• Witchcraft
• Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted
• Poor most likely to be accused
• More than 75 percent were women

11
Economic Trends in the Seventeenth Century

• Mercantilism
• International commerce
• New forms of commercial organization
• Joint-stock companies
• 80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture

12
Seventeenth Century Crises Revolution and War

• Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman
  Empire
• Peace of Westphalia, 1648
• A Military Revolution?
• New technologies and tactics
• The growing expense of war

13
The Practice of Absolutism

• France under Louis XIV
• Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King
• Important to control of central policy-making
  machinery
• Versailles served three purposes
• Greatest danger came from the high nobility
• King has authority over the traditional areas of
  monarchial power
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)
• Wars
• Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
• Brandenburg-Prussia
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688)
• Frederick I, First king of Prussia, 1701
• Austria
• Territorial expansion
• Monarch never becomes highly centralized

14
From Moscovy to Russia

• Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)
• First to take the title tsar
• Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy
• Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael
  Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar
• Peter the Great (1689-1725)
• Trip west, 1697-1698
• Plans to westernize Russia
• Reorganize army and navy
• Divided Russia into provinces
• Hoped to create a sense of civic duty

15
England and Limited Monarchy

• Revolution and Civil War
• James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625)
  of England
• Charles I (1625-1649)
• Monarchy abolished
• Republic, 1648-1660
• Oliver Cromwell and military rule
• Dispersed Parliament by force
• After Cromwells death, monarchy restored

16
Restoration and a Glorious Revolution

• Charles II (1660-1685)
• Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings
• Declaration of Indulgence, 1672
• Charles forced to suspend the declaration
• James II (1685-1688)
• Open and devout Catholic
• Religion once again area of conflict
• Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy
• Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife
  Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II
• Bill of Rights

17
European Culture

• Art The Baroque
• Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art
  with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century
  religious revival
• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
• Art Dutch Realism
• Judith Leyster (c. 1609 1660)
• A Golden Age of Literature in England
• Called the Elizabethan Era
• William Shakespeare(1564-1614)