EXPLORING THE OCEANS

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EXPLORING THE OCEANS
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5 OCEANS of the World

• PACIFIC OCEAN
• largest
• deepest Mariana Trench, 36,200 ft
  deep
• shrinking
• as earth plates are pushed together

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5 OCEANS of the World

• ATLANTIC OCEAN saltiest 40
  parts per thousand
• getting wider as earth plates spread apart

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INDIAN OCEAN

• 3RD LARGEST OCEAN
• 5.5X SIZE OF U.S.
• 40 of the world's offshore oil production
• Heavy petroleum shipping

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5 OCEANS

• SOUTHERN OCEAN SURROUNDS ANARCTICA
• ARCTIC OCEAN
• 10X smaller than Pacific
• Least saltiest
• coldest

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3 REASONS WHY STUDYING THE OCEAN FLOOR IS
DIFFICULT

• DEEP OCEAN IS TOTALLY DARK SUNLIGHT ONLY
  PENETRATES 200 M
• WATER IS VERY COLD 10C
• HIGH WATER PRESSURE 600 kg/cm2

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OCEAN STUDY TECHNOLOGY

• SONAR SOund Navigation And Ranging
• SCUBA Jacques Cousteau
• Self Contained Underwater Breathing
  Apparatus
• SUBMERSIBLES ALVIN

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TECHNOLOGY continued

• REMOTE UNDERWATER MANIPULATOR
• GRAVITY MAPPINGThe amount of gravity tugging
  down at any point of the Earth is proportional
  the amount of mass sitting at that point. The
  more mass an area has, the stronger the
  gravitational force appears there. Such
  gravitational variations, however, are
  imperceptibly small.

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OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
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OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• CONTINENTAL SHELF GENTLY SLOPING, SHALLOW AREA
  EXTENDING FROM CONTINENTS EDGE
• CONTINENTAL SLOPESTEEP INCLINE OFF CONTINENTAL
  EDGE
• ABYSSAL PLAINSMOOTH, NEARLY FLAT AREA OF OCEAN
  
  FLOOR

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OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• SUBMARINE CANYONS V OR U SHAPE VALLEYS THAT
  CUT THROUGH CONTINENTAL SHELF
• MID-OCEANIC RIDGES CONTINUOUS UNDERWATER
  MOUNTAIN RANGES 60 000 M LONG

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OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• RIFT VALLEY
• DEEP CREVICE THAT RUNS THROUGH THE
  MID-OCEANIC RIDGE
• DEEP SEA TRENCHES DEEP STEEP-SIDED CANYONS
• TABLEMOUNTS GUYOT SUBMERGED BROAD
  FLAT SEAMOUNT REMAINS OF OLD VOLCANOES THAT
  WERE ONCE ISLANDS BUT NOW HAVE SUNK
  BENEATH OCEANS SURFACE

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OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• SEAMOUNTUNDERWATER VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN
• VOLCANIC ISLAND
• UNDERWATER VOLCANOES THAT EMERGED
  ABOVE THE OCEANS SURFACE

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VOLCANIC ISLANDS

• Hawaiian Islands
• 2 400 miles from nearest continent

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• EMPEROR SEAMOUNT CHAIN

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TECTONIC PLATES

• TRANSFORM2 PLATES GLIDING PAST ONE ANOTHER
• CAUSING EARTHQUAKES
• DIVERGENT2 PLATES MOVING AWAY FROM EACH OTHER
  CAUSING MID OCEANIC RIDGES

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TECTONIC PLATES

• CONVERGENT OCEANIC PLATES DIVES BELOW
  CONTINENTAL PLATE CAUSING TRENCHES, MINOR
  EARTHQUAKES, EXTREME VOLCANISM

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• http//www.colorado.edu/geography/cartpro/cartogra
  phy2/spring2001/campbell/final/anime_pg.html

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MAIN VOLCANOS

• MANUA LOA 9 600 METERS (13 677 feet)
  FROM BASE TO TOP
• KILAUEA most active volcano
• LOIHI YOUNGEST 3 000 METERS TALL STILL
  SUBMERGED

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