Exploring the Oceans

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Chapter 13

• Exploring the Oceans

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Section 1 Earths Ocean

• Even in Minnesota, the ocean affects your
  everyday life

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Ocean Origins

• Volcanoes released
• What?
• How long ago?
• Earths oceans formed
• How and how long?

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Ocean Division

• Pacific
• Key Difference from others?
• Atlantic
• Compared to Pacific?
• Growing how?
• Indian
• Compared to Pacific?
• Growing how?
• Artic
• Mostly covered by what?
• How much explorations?

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Characteristics

• Formation of halite (table salt)
• 1) Sodium from river water
• 2) chlorine from volcanic eruptions

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Climate Affects

• Hot coasts have high or low salt content?
• Cold coastal regions have high or low salt
  content?

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• Salinity measure of the amount of solids
  dissolved in seawater
• Has not changed for millions of years

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• Salt is used by plants, animals, and rock
  formations at about the same rate that it enters
  the ocean
• Ocean 3.5 salt

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Water Cycle

• What is it?
• How are the Oceans affected by it?

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• Surface current affects only the upper few
  hundred meters of seawater
• 1) most are caused by wind

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• 2) coriolis effect causes currents to move in
  clockwise direction
• 3) continents deflect currents

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• Currents can affect the climate of an area
• West coast is cold (water comes from the north)
• East coast is warm (water comes from the south)

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• Density Current occurs when denser seawater
  moves toward an area of less dense seawater

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• Water from the poles sink and travels to the
  equator
• Water from the equator floats to the poles

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Section 2 The Ocean Floor

• Sonar
• What is it?
• How fast does sound move through water? 1500 m/s
• Satellites
• Geostat is what?
• Advantage?

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Ocean Floor

• Continental Shelf
• What is it?
• Continental slope
• What is it?

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Ocean Floor

• Continental Rise
• What is it?

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• Abyssal Plain
• What is it?

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• Rift Valley
• What is it?

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• Mid-Ocean Ridge
• What is it?

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• Ocean Trench
• What is it?
• Marrianas Trench is 11 km deep
• Seamount
• What is it?

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Underwater Exploration Piloted

• Alvin
• What is it?
• What can it do?
• Deep Flight
• What is it?
• What can it do?
• How is it designed?

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Underwater Exploration Robotic

• Jason II
• Reasons to use instead of Piloted vehicles?
• Medea
• How does it work with Jason II?
• The future
• What types of vessels are under development?

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Section 3 Life in the Ocean

• Supporting Life
• Buoyancy allows for easy movement
• Seawater protects against sudden temperature
  changes

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• Most organisms need water to live
• Benefits
• Easily disposal of wastes

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Ocean Life

• Plankton drifting plants and animals (small)
• Nekton larger animals that swim

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• Benthos animals that live on the ocean floor
• Each coral animal builds a hard, boxlike capsule,
  the colony cements together forming a reef

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• Photosynthesis plants use carbon dioxide,
  nutrients in the water, and sunlight to produce
  food and oxygen

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• Respiration oxygen is combined with food so that
  the energy in food can be used (gives off carbon
  dioxide and other wastes)

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• Chemosynthesis bacteria produce food and oxygen
  by using dissolved sulfur compounds that escape
  from lava

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Benthic Environment

• Intertidal Zone
• Where is it found?
• What organisms that live here?
• What is unique about this zone?
• Sublittoral Zone
• Where is it found?
• What organisms that live here?
• What is unique about this zone?

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Benthic Environment

• Bathyal Zone
• Where is it found?
• What is unique about this zone?
• What organisms that live here?
• Abyssal Zone
• Where is it found?
• What organisms that live here?
• What is unique about this zone?
• Hadal Zone
• Where is it found?
• What organisms that live here?
• What is unique about this zone?

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Pelagic Environment

• Neritic Zone
• Where is it found?
• What organisms that live here?
• What is unique about this zone?
• Oceanic Zone
• Where is it found?
• What organisms that live here?
• What is unique about this zone?

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Section 4 Resources from the Ocean

• Living Resources
• Fishing the Ocean
• How much is taken?
• Problems caused by fishing?
• What is over fishing?
• Farming the Ocean
• What is Fish Farming
• What kinds of sea life can be farmed

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Living Resources

• Savory Seaweed
• What is seaweed
• How much does Kelp grow in a day
• What can Kelp be used for
• What is Kelp rich in

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Nonliving Resources

• Oil and Natural Gas
• What is a nonrenewable resource
• Searching for Oil
• How do Engineers search for oil in the Ocean?
• Fresh Water and Desalination
• What is Desalination?
• Sea Floor Minerals
• How are nodules formed
• What are nodules mostly made of
• What else can nodules be made of

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Nonliving Resources Tidal and Wave Energy

• Tides long waves that result in a periodic
  change in the surface level of the oceans due to
  the gravitational pull of the moon

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Nonliving Resources Tidal and Wave Energy

• Tidal range difference between high and low tide

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Nonliving Resources Tidal and Wave Energy

• Areas with a large difference between the water
  level of high and low tide can be used to
  generate electricity

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Nonliving Resources Tidal and Wave Energy

• Turbine fan blade, when water pushes the
  blades, the turbine spins. The spinning turns a
  generator to produce electricity

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Problems

• Causes greater tidal ranges
• Shallow harbors and channels
• Flooding

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Problems

• Destroy Habitat Salt Marsh breeding ground of
  many ocean organisms
• Numerous other environmental problems
• Are tidal dams worth it?

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Section 5 Ocean Pollution

• Pollution Occurs whenever harmful substances are
  introduced into an environment
• Point-source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution

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Types of Pollution

• Industrial wastes such as chemicals and metals
• Solid wastes (garbage) can entangle creatures
• Medical wastes

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• Pesticides and herbicides
• Fertilizers (sewage) cause population explosions
  that use up all the oxygen in water

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• Oil spills
• Thermal pollution
• power plants and other industries pump warm water
  into the ocean
• Erosion of sediments into the ocean

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• Pollution can affect food chains and Earths
  oxygen supply can be severely affected
• With growing populations, how can we keep
  pollution to a minimum?