SPS I Schlegel

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(No Transcript)
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• THE USE
• OF ADVERBIALS

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• ADVERBIALS ARE...

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• ... clause elements that serve three major
  functions
• They tell the circumstances relating to the
  clause, such as when or
  where an activity took place (circumstance
  adverbials).
• These are by far the most common adverbials.
• They express a speaker's feelings, evaluation, or
  comments on what the clause is about
• (stance adverbials).
• They link the clause (or some part of it) to
  another clause (linking adverbials)

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• Adverbials can take many forms
• adverbs and adverb phrases
• Oh she never does anything does she?
• We know each other very well.
• nouns, and noun phrases
• Well I went to that wedding Saturday.
• The man came to stay with them for a few weeks
  each year.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• prepositional phrases
• The man came to stay with them for a few
  weeks each year.
• Prepositional phrases are the most common form
  overall.
• finite and non-finite clauses
• I had to turn it off earlier because Rupert was
  shrieking.
• Now added to that, by our wall, there was this
  ruddy great lorry again.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• Adverbials can occur in initial,final and medial
  positions in clauses.
• Initial
• Generally, however, building up a IKEA cupboard
  is more difficult than it looks like.
• final
• We know each other very well.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• The Medial position has several variants.
• Between the subject and the beginning of the VP
  Jean never put anything away.
• If an operator is present, often after the
  operator but before the main verb The
  utilisation of computers is not of cause limited
  to business.
• After the main verb but before other obligatory
  elements of the clause It is still three weeks
  away.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• In conversation and fictional dialog, some
  adverbials are connected with another speaker's
  main clause.
• A I mean you dont have to pay for those.
• B Oh for the films.
• The function of adverbials in clauses sometimes
  varies, depending on the scope of circumstance
  and stance adverbials, or the amount of text
  connected by linking adverbials.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• SEMANTIC CATEGORIES OF
• CIRCUMSTANCE ADVERBIALS

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• space
• Distance adverbials How far?
• I had to go a long way to put the camp behind me.
• Direction adverbials Where?From where?Where
  to?
• You used to walk to the store now you ride.
• Position adverbials point of location Where?
• This problem will be discussed further in Section
  2.4.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• time
• Point in time adverbials When events occure.
• Ill see you all tomorrow night.
• Duration adverbials How long an event lasts.
• I wouldnt like to go for a week in silence.
• Frequency adverbials How often an event
  occures.
• Occasionally she would like to gaze out the
  window.
• Time relationships adverbials relationship
  between two events. After this they were quiet
  for a wile.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• process
• Manner adverbials How?
• I found myself writing slowly.
• Means adverbials The means by which someting is
  made.
• All the companys shipments to overseas are made
  by air.
• Instrument adverbials The item that is used for
  a task.
• She fed it with a teaspoon.
• Agent adverbials Tell the agent or causer of a
  happening.
• The fruit-pulb is also eaten by animals.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• respect
• We are here concerned with the use of an
  adverbial to identify a relevant point of
  reference in respect of which the clause
  concerned draws its truth value.
• He has always been frightened of earwigs.
• He works in a nearby factory. (specific factory)
• He works in a factory. (answers rather What? than
  Where?)

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• contingency
• Cause/ reason adverbials Why?
• He is quite frightened cos he doesnt know you.
• Purpose adverbials in order to or for the
  purpose of.
• Ive got to talk to you to explain what were
  doing.
• Concession adverbials Conveys an idea that
  contrasts the main idea.
• Although it looks brand new, she bought this
  skirt second hand.
• Condition adverbials Express condition that
  govern the main clause.
• And if you were in the mood we could at least go.
• Result adverbials Tell the results of the
  events of the clause.
• She was on diet, with the result that he ate even
  more.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• modality
• emphasis special importance
• She has certainly been enthusiastic about her
  work.
• She hasnt been enthusiastic at all about her
  work.
• approximation close to the actual
• She has probably been enthusiastic about her
  work.
• restriction a limiting condition or measure
• She has been enthusiastic only about her work.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• (modality) following Longman
• addition an idea is being added to a previous
  one
• Some day you will be old, too, Carol.
• restriction the idea in the clause is limited
  in some way
• Youll have to be especially good, Sundays.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• degree
• amplification intensifying the massage in the
  clause.
• I badly want a drink.
• diminution diminishers lower the strengh of a
  claim made
• in the sentence. She helped him a little with
  his book.
• measure How far/ much/many? or To what
  extent?
• She had worked sufficiently that day.

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS OF
• ADVERBIALS

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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Grammatical categories of adverbials
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Adjuncts Adjuncts are realizations of
adverbials. - They closely resemble other
sentence elements such as S,O. - An adjunct can
be the focus of a cleft sentence e.g. Hilda
helped Tony because of his injury. It
was Hilda that helped Tony because of his injury.
S It was Tony that Hilda helped
because of his injury. O It was
because of his injury that Hilda helped Tony.
A Adjuncts can be divided in two main groups 1.
Predication adjuncts ( obligatory and optional
) 2. Sentence adjuncts
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Adjuncts Predication adjuncts All pred. adj. (
obligatory and optional ) are normally placed at
the end. 1a) Obligatory predication adjuncts (
resemble an object both in the necessity of its
presence for verb complementation and in its
relative fixity of position ) e.g. a) He
loved. He loved Joline. (Object)
b) He lived. He lived in
Chicago. (A obl.) - In each case a postV
element is required for complementation. There
are only a few verbs that dont require further
complementation, as in a) The rabbit
disappeared. b) She apologized.
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Adjuncts 1b) Optional predication adjuncts -
The relations between V and O remain constant
irrespective of the presence or absence of the
adjunct. - Theres no variance in the relation
between S and V , if the adjunct is added. e.g.
a) The Queen arrived. The Queen
arrived in a blue dress. c) He
protested ( vigorously ).
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Adjuncts 2. Sentence adjuncts - Difference
between sentence adjunct and pred. adjunct is
their relative freedom to occur at the
beginning or at the end - They relate to the
sentence as a whole rather than to the V and post
V elements. e.g. a) In Chicago, he studied
physics. He studied physics in
Chicago. They can be subject and object
related. e.g. b) She saw my brother in the
garden. ( probably my brother was
in the garden ) object related
In the garden, she saw my brother.
( probably she was in the garden )
subject related
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Adjuncts 2. Sentence adjuncts Sentence adjuncts
have a more peripheral character than
predication adjuncts ( presence is not
grammatically essential ). Position a)
Sentence adjuncts will normally follow
predication adjuncts at the end. b) They can more
easily be put at the beginning. e.g. a) She
had lived in poverty (pred. adj.) for thirty
years (sent. adj.). b)
For thirty years, she had lived in poverty.
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Subjuncts Subjuncts are adverbials with a more
subordinate role in comparison to other clause
elements. 1. wide orientation ( subordinate role
applies to the whole clause in which the
subjunct operates ) e.g. Architecturally,
it is a magnificent conception.
Viewpoint subjuncts ( adverbials like
politically, economically,..) 2. narrow
orientation ( subordordinate role applies to an
individual clause element ) e.g. a) He
really may have injured innocent people.
- Emphasizers like actually, of
course,.. b) They fully appreciate
our opinion. I partly agree
with you. - Intensifiers
(positive/negative) like completely, very much,
slightly
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Disjuncts Disjuncts have a superordinate role in
relation to the sentences in which they function.
They are divided in disjuncts of style and
content. 1. Disjuncts of style Adverbials
that define under what conditions the speaker
makes a comment. e.g. Seriously,
do you intend to resign? Others
personally, frankly, literally,.. 2. Disjuncts
of content Adverbials used to describe the
content of a sentence in terms of degree of
truth ( like indeed, definetly ) and value
judgement ( like cleverly, unwisely,
remarkably ). e.g. Obviously, nobody
expected us to be here today.
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Conjuncts 1. Conjuncts have the function of
conjoining independent units rather than one
of contributing another facet of information to a
single integrated unit. 2. They are more like
disjuncts, because they have a relatively
detached and subordinate role compared with
other clause elements. 3. Conjuncts cannot be
the focus of a cleft sentence. - We relate
conjuncts to the speakers assessment of how he
views the connection between two linguistic
units. e.g. The author has written a
successful, popular and in addition highly
original novel. - Some conjuncts also include
a pronominal referance to the unit which is to
be related e.g. in addition to this, first of
all, for all that
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Conjuncts Different functions of
conjuncts Listing ( indicating that what
follows is a list of propositions ) a)
enumerative ( in the first place, to begin with,
first of all, on the one hand,...)
b) additive ( furthermore, moreover, besides,
also,...) e.g. To begin with, I have to tell
you that I'm most displeased with your
performance in the show. I also think you did a
bad job painting the house. You're a
lousy cook. You smell. Your hat is ...
etc Summative ( summing up, or concluding on the
preceding sentence ) e.g. overall, then, thus,
to sum up,...
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Conjuncts Appositional ( rephrasing the
preceding sentence ) e.g The French love
music. In other words, music is appreciated in
France. Others for example, for
instance,.. Resultive/Inferential ( indicating
that the content of the sentence is a result of
the events expressed in the preceding sentence
) e.g. Miss Gold lost her job. She, therefore,
had no money. Others as a result, accordingly,
otherwise,...
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS
Conjuncts Contrastive a) Antithetic (
indicating that the content of the sentence is in
contrast to the content of the preceding
sentence ) e.g. It is said that water flows up
hill. On the contrary, it flows downhill. Others
in comparison, instead,... b) Concessive (
indicating that the content of the sentence
"exists" despite the content in the
preceding sentence ) e.g. It is very cold. I
went for my morning walk, however. Others
anyhow, after all, still,.. Transitional/Temporal
( indicating temporal relation between the
content of the sentence and the preceding
sentence ) e.g. I had lunch. Meanwhile, my wife
had her hair cut.
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THE USE OF ADVERBIALS

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Biber et al., 1999. The Longman Grammar of Spoken
  and Written English. Longman, London.
• Carter R., 2006. Cambridge Grammar of English.
  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Quirk et al., 1995. A comprehensive grammar of
  the English language. Longman, London.