Exploring American History Unit X

1
Exploring American HistoryUnit X Modern America

• Chapter 31 America Looks to the Future
• Section 1 The End of the 20th Century.

2
Main Idea 1 Major global changes took place
during the presidency of George H. W. Bush.
1988 Election

• Reagans vice president, George H. W. Bush,
  defeated Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis
  after a hard-fought campaign.

Cold War Ends

• Mikhail Gorbachev continued reforms in the Soviet
  Union while pro-democracy movements gained
  strength in Eastern Europe.
• October 1989, East Germans overthrew Communist
  government and new government agreed to open
  borders.
• November 9, East and West Berliners smashed
  through the Berlin Wall, a symbol of the Cold
  War.
• Soon, several Soviet republics declared
  independence and the Soviet Union broke apart,
  marking the end of the Cold War.

3
Germany

• Oct. 1989- East Germany gets rid of its Communist
  government and opens the Berlin Wall.
• Berlin Wall torn down.
• Oct. 3 1990- East and West Germany are reunited
  into one Germany.

4
Gorbachev and the Soviet Union

• March 1985- Gorbachev is General Secretary of
  Communist party.
• Glasnost- openness, allowing criticism and
  freedom of the press
• Perestroika- restructuring of the Soviet
  society- less government control, introduced
  private enterprise and took steps for a
  democratic government.

5
Warsaw Pact Countries- Eastern Europe

• Hungary and Bulgaria- successful transition from
  communism
• Romania- Violent Revolution- Pres. Ceausescu.
• Czechoslovakia- Velvet Revolution
• Yugoslavia-Collapsed. Ethnic rivalries caused
  brutal war among Muslims, Orthodox Serbs, and
  Roman Catholics. Ethnic Cleansing
• Baltic State- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
  Independent

6
Soviet Union Declines

• Dec. 1991- 14 Russian Republics declare
  independence.
• Ethnic unrest across USSR- different national
  groups argue over borders.
• Gorbachev resigns- not popular at home and the
  Soviet Union dissolves.
• CIS- Commonwealth of Independent States takes
  over- loose federation
• Feb. 1992- Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia
  signs START II pact with U.S.A.

7
Operation Just Cause- Panama

• 1988- Federal Grand jury indicts Noreiga on drug
  trafficking charges. (International drug
  trafficking)
• Manuel Noriega- commander of police and military
  forces in Panama, in charge of Panama. Stuffed
  the ballot box.
• Dec. 20, 1989- President Bush sent in U.S. forces
  to topple Noriega.
• Noriega took refuge in Vatican embassy but
  finally surrenders.
• Convicted in Miami and sentenced to 40 years in
  prison.
• Many Latin American nations deplored this Yankee
  Imperialism, but many were please to be rid of
  the dictator.

Double Click on Movie to start
116 min.
8
Demonizing the Enemy Saddam Hussein and Manuel
Noriega- 509
9
The Persian Gulf War

• Iraqs brutal dictator, Saddam Hussein, invaded
  neighboring oil-rich Kuwait.
• United Nations called for immediate withdrawal.
• President Bush began assembling a coalition of
  nations to drive Iraq from Kuwait.
• UN coalition launched Operation Desert Storm when
  Hussein refused to withdraw.
• Air offensive led by U.S. generals Norman
  Schwarzkopf and Colin Powell, the highest-ranking
  African American ever to serve in U.S. military.
• After a six-week bombing campaign, UN forces
  invaded Kuwait and Iraq soon agreed to a
  cease-fire.
• About 22,300 Iraqi soldiers and civilians were
  killed
• UN forces lost around 223 soldiers, 148 of which
  were American
• More than 35,000 American women served in the war
  in non-combat positions.

10
(No Transcript)
11
Operation Desert Storm- Iraq
Patriot Missile Battery
12
Operation Desert Storm- Iraq
13
Operation Desert Storm- Iraq
In 1979 Saddam Hussein took control of Iraq,
killing 21 of his cabinet members. In 1990 he
invaded Kuwait and in less than 4 hours he had
taken Kuwait and controlled 24 of the worlds oil
supplies. It seemed as if his next target was
Saudi Arabia. United States entered after a call
for protection by Saudi Arabia. The United
States set a deadline, January 15, 1991 for all
Iraq forces to be out of Kuwait, but Saddam
ignored the deadline. That triggered Desert
Shield, or the build-up of troops in the region
and eventually led to Desert Storm, a all-out
attack to free Kuwait.
14
Operation Desert Shield- Iraq

• Chronology Important Events- 1990
• On 25 July US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie,
  tells Hussein that the Iraq/Kuwaiti dispute is an
  Arab matter, not one that affects the United Stat
• Hussein invades Kuwait on August 2.
• President Bush freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets.
• The United Nations calls on Hussein to withdraw.
• Economic sanctions are authorized.
• Iraq annexes Kuwait
• The UN declares Iraq's annexation invalid
• Military interdiction authorized by the UN.
• UN Security Council authorizes force if Iraq
  doesnt withdraw from Kuwait by midnight EST Jan.
  15.
• Congress votes to allow for US troops to be used
  in offensive operations.

15
Operation Desert Storm- Iraq- 351
16
Operation Desert Storm- Iraq

• Chronology Important Events- 1991
• The air war started Jan 17 at 238 a.m. (local
  time) or January 16 at 638PM EST due to an 8
  hour time difference, with an Apache helicopter
  attack.
• US warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait and other
  military targets in Iraq.
• Iraq launches first SCUD Missile attack.
• US forces in the Gulf exceed 500,000.
• Feb 6, President Bush issues an ultimatum of Feb
  23 for Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait.
• Feb 23, 1991 Ground war begins with Marines, Army
  and Arab forces moving into Iraq and Kuwait.
• Feb 27, 1991 President Bush orders a cease fire
  effective at midnight Kuwaiti time.

17
Operation Desert Storm- Iraq- 515 min.
18
Main Idea 2During Bill Clintons presidency,
the nation experienced scandal, economic growth,
and the rise of terrorist threats.

• 1992 Election
• Republican candidate President George H. W. Bush
• Americans supported his handling of the Gulf War.
• Democratic candidate Arkansas governor Bill
  Clinton
• Told voters he would focus on improving the
  struggling U.S. economy
• Clinton won a three-way race against Bush and
  Ross Perot, who ran as an independent candidate.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Clinton and Congress

• Under President Clintons leadership Congress
• Passed a budget to reduce the deficit by cutting
  spending and raising taxes and
• Supported the North American Free Trade Agreement
  (NAFTA), which eliminated trade barriers between
  the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
• In 1994 congressional elections, Republicans won
  a majority in Congress for the first time since
  1952.
• House minority leader Newt Gingrich spearheaded
  the victory with promotion of a set of policies
  called the Contract with America, promising lower
  taxes and smaller government.

21
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement

• Brings US, Canada and Mexico into a free-trade
  zone.
• Supporters- it will strengthen all three
  economies, and create more jobs.
• Opponents-
• American jobs would be transferred to Mexico
  where wages are lower. More than 100,000
  low-wage jobs went to Mexico after NAFTA passed.
• Environment would be harmed due to Mexicos lower
  standards.
• Competition with foreign companies caused US
  companies to keep wages low.
• Treaty Ratified- January 1, 1994

22
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement 134
23
Clintons Second Term

• In 1996 election Clinton won a second term by
  defeating Senator Bob Dole of Kansas.
• Second Term was dominated by questions about
  Clintons personal and official conduct.
• Charged with having an inappropriate relationship
  with a White House intern and then lying about it
  under oath
• In 1998 the House of Representatives voted to
  impeach Clinton, but the Senate acquitted him of
  charges.
• Scandal damaged Clintons public image.

24
President William J. Clinton

• Foreign Affairs
• NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement
• GATT- Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
• Peace in Ireland and Middle East
• Pulls troops out of Somalia
• Signs START I
• Grants diplomatic recognition with Vietnam.
• Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles-
  Arafat and Rabin
• 1996-1997- Illegal Immigration Reform and
  Immigrant Responsibility Act- restricts the
  availability of suspension of deportation.
  Tougher for illegal aliens to get to stay due to
  hardship. Must be in US for 10 years 1st.

25
The Impeachment and Removal of the President by
Congress (0338)
26
A Dangerous World

• Collapse of Soviet Union left the United States
  as the worlds only superpower.
• Clinton appointed Madeleine Albright as the first
  woman to be secretary of state.
• Helped adapt U.S. foreign policy
• United States worked to protect global peace and
  democracy
• Helped to negotiate an end to war in Balkan
  region of Europe after former nation of
  Yugoslavia broke apart
• Terrorism the use of violence by individuals or
  small groups to advance political goals became a
  major issue in the 1990s.
• April 1995 American terrorists bombed an
  Oklahoma federal building, killing 168 people.
• 1998 Hundreds killed in a bomb attacks on U.S.
  embassies in Africa.
• Increasingly deadly attacks were made by
  extremist Islamic groups.

27
Yugoslavia

• 1991- Yugoslavia broke up into 5 nations.
• 1991- Bosnia- Serbs began ethnic cleansing of
  certain ethnic groups. Millions of refugees, and
  over 200,000 killed. Clinton hesitates to help.
• 1995- Dayton Accords- U.S helps negotiate a peace
  in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and US troops sent in
  to join NATO troops.
• 1998- Kosovo- Serbs attack ethnic Albanians. US
  and NATO launch air strikes. Violation of
  International law?
• US troops stayed longer than promised- drawing
  criticism. 9 Years.

28
Kosovo
2 - History-159 min.
1- Rebuilding Kosovo- 325 min.
3 - The Air War on Kosovo- 145 min.
29
April 19, 1995 (0254)