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Title: SGWGS


1
Unit I Introduction - 10  
  • Sustainable Development Concepts and Principles
  • Evolution of Sustainable Development Agenda
  • Livelihood Approach to Sustainable Development
  • Relationship between Sustainable Development and
    Climate Change.

2
1.1 Sustainable Development Concepts and
Principles
  • What is Development?
  • Generally Development is the gradual growth of a
    situation that becomes more advanced and strong
    than previous one.
  • Development is intended to bring a positive
    change for human being and its surroundings.
    Development may take place by bringing about a
    change in policy, projects and legislation.
  • Development is a unfolding of human potentials
    for meaningful participation in economic, social,
    political and cultural process and institutions,
    so that people can improve their conditions.

3
  • Sustainable means the capacity to continue
    into the distant future.
  • There should be a) an action, b) a time
    dimension, and c) the level of action should not
    decrease.
  • Sustainable development present type of
    economic development is not sustainable, as it
    depletes natural resources and increases
    pollution.
  • If continued on the same path, the Earth will run
    out of natural resources, and pollution destroy
    the ecology of the Earth.

4
Definition of Sustainable Development
  • Brundtland, defined Sustainable development as
    development that meets the needs of the present
    generation, without compromising the ability of
    future generations to meet their own needs.
    Our Common Future 1987.
  • Contains two key concepts
  • Poverty Focus the needs of the worlds poor to
    which high priority should be given.
  • Futures Focus limits imposed by technology and
    social organization on environments ability to
    meet present and future needs.

5
  • The concept of sustainable development aims to
    maintain economic advancement and progress while
    protecting the long-term value of the
    environment it provides a framework for the
    integration of environment policies and
    development strategies

6
  • The concept of conserving resources for future
    generations is one of the major features that
    distinguish sustainable development policy from
    traditional environmental policy.
  • The overall goal of sustainable development (SD)
    is the long-term stability of the economy and
    environment this is only achievable through the
    integration and acknowledgement of economic,
    environmental, and social concerns throughout the
    decision-making process.

7
Sustainable development is often illustrated by a
simple diagram showing three overlapping circles
representing social, economic and environmental
progress (Tripple Bottom Line)
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9
A Fourth Pillar
  • cultural diversity is as necessary for
    humankind as biodiversity is for nature.
    sustainable development cannot be understood
    simply in terms of economic growth, but also as
    a means to achieve a more satisfactory
    intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual
    existence.

10
  • This has been expanded by some authors to include
    a fourth pillar of culture, institutions or
    governance.
  • In this context, the Agenda 21 for culture and
    the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)
    Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the
    policy statement "Culture Fourth Pillar of
    Sustainable Development", passed on 17 November
    2010, in the framework of the World Summit of
    Local and Regional Leaders  3rd World Congress
    of UCLG, held in Mexico City.

11
  • This document inaugurates a new perspective and
    points to the relation between culture and
    sustainable development through a dual approach
    developing a solid cultural policy and advocating
    a cultural dimension in all public policies.
  • The Circles of Sustainability approach
    distinguishes the four domains of economic,
    ecological, political and cultural
    sustainability.

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13
  • Objectives of Sustainable Development
  • Reviving growth
  • Changing the quality of growth
  • Meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy,
    water and sanitation
  • Ensuring the sustainable level of population
  • Conserving and enhancing the resource base
  • Merging environment and economic decision making
  • To inform technology and managing risk, etc.

14
  • On the basis of various Scholars the objectives
    of Sustainable Development can be categorized
    as
  • 1. Social progress and equality,
  • 2. Environmental protection,
  • 3. Conservation of natural resources and
  • 4. Stable economic growth.

15
Principles of Sustainable Development
  • ..The guiding principle of sustainable
    development is development that meets the needs
    of the present without compromising the ability
    of future generations to meet their own needs

16
Normative Principles of Sustainable Development
  • Common but differentiated responsibilities
  • Inter-generational equity (justice between
    generations children, youth and adult)
  • Intra-generational equity (equity between same
    generation)
  • Justice
  • Participation
  • Gender equality

17
  • The three key principles for sustainable
    development are
  • economic,
  • environmental, and
  • social sustainability

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19
The six principles of sustainability can help a
community ensure that its social, economic, and
environmental systems are well integrated and
will endure.
20
At last, the importance of SD can be categorized
into following points
  • Proper use of resources
  • People's participation
  • Accountability
  • Long term vision
  • Limits of development
  • Development of basic aspect

21
Unfortunately, no common consensus among
countries over the mode and type of sustainable
development to be achieved.
  • Who sets the values or standards for sustainable
    development? Rich countries or poor countries?
  • What are these values and norms? Are they
    universally acceptable?
  • How and who should implement them?
  • How should they be implemented?
  • At what level should they be implemented?

22
The UK government, for example, proposed a five
principle approach incorporating good governance
and sound science
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24
The concept of SD can in core be summarized as
  • Maintenance and sustainable utilization of the
    functions (goods and services) provided by
    natural ecosystems and bio spheric processes..
  • Maximizing the biological system goals (genetic
    diversity, resilience, biological production),
    economic system goals (meeting basic minimum
    needs, equity), and social system goals (social
    justice, people's participation) simultaneously.
  • Improving the quality of human life while living
    within the carrying capacity of supporting
    eco-systems.

25
1.2 Evolution of Sustainable Development Agenda
  • The concept of sustainable development started to
    appear in the 1970s.
  • The reason behind the emergence of such a concept
    was the growing awareness of the depletion of
    natural resources, and worsening environmental
    conditions on the one hand and increasing world
    population on the other hand, i.e., demand-supply
    differences.

26
  • 1972
  • In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the
    Human Environment held in Stockholm brought the
    industrialized and developing nations together to
    delineate the rights of the human family to a
    healthy and productive environment.
  • A series of such meetings followed, e.g. on the
    rights of people to adequate food, to sound
    housing, to safe water, to access to means of
    family planning. The recognition to revitalize
    humanitys connection with Nature, led to the
    creation of global institutions within the UN
    system.

27
  • 1980
  • In 1980, the International Union for the
    Conservation of Natural Resources (IUCN)
    published the World Conservation Strategy (WCS)
    which provided a precursor to the concept of
    sustainable development.
  • The Strategy asserted that conservation of nature
    cannot be achieved without development to
    alleviate poverty and misery of hundreds of
    million of people and stressed the
    interdependence of conservation and development
    in which development depends on caring for the
    Earth.
  • Unless the fertility and productivity of the
    planet are safeguarded, the human future is at
    risk.

28
  • 1982
  • Ten years later, at the 48th plenary of the
    General Assembly in 1982, the World Conservation
    Strategy (WCS) initiative culminated with the
    approval of the World Charter for Nature. The
    Charter stated that "mankind is a part of nature
    and life depends on the uninterrupted functioning
    of natural systems".

29
  • 1983
  • In 1983, the World Commission on Environment and
    Development (WCED) was created and, by 1984, it
    was constituted as an independent body by the
    United Nations General Assembly.
  • WCED was asked to formulate A global agenda for
    change.
  • In 1987, in its report Our Common Future, the
    WCED advanced the understanding of global
    interdependence and the relationship between
    economics and the environment previously
    introduced by the WCS.
  • The report wove together social, economic,
    cultural and environmental issues and global
    solutions.

30
  • 1992
  • In June 1992, the first UN Conference on
    Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in
    Rio de Janeiro and adopted an agenda for
    environment and development in the 21st Century.
  • Agenda 21 A Programme of Action for Sustainable
    Development contains the Rio Declaration on
    Environment and Development, which recognizes
    each nations right to pursue social and economic
    progress and assigned to States the
    responsibility of adopting a model of sustainable
    development and, the Statement of Forest
    Principles. Agenda 21 further reaffirmed that
    sustainable development was delimited by the
    integration of the economic, social and
    environmental pillars.
  • The spirit of the conference was captured by the
    expression "Harmony with Nature", brought into
    the fore with the first principle of the Rio
    Declaration "Human beings are at the center of
    concerns for sustainable development. They are
    entitled to a healthy and productive life in
    harmony with nature".

31
  • 1993
  • In 1993, UNCED instituted the Commission on
    Sustainable Development (CSD) to follow-up on the
    implementation of Agenda 21.

32
  • 1997
  • In June 1997, the General Assembly dedicated its
    19th Special Session (UNGASS-19) to design a
    "Programme for the Further Implementation of
    Agenda 21".

33
  • 2002
  • In 2002, ten years after the Rio Declaration, a
    follow-up conference, the World Summit on
    Sustainable Development (WSSD) was convened in
    Johannesburg to renew the global commitment to
    sustainable development. The conference agreed on
    the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI)
    and further tasked the CSD to follow-up on the
    implementation of sustainable development

34
  • 2009
  • On 24th December 2009 the UN General Assembly
    adopted a Resolution agreeing to hold the United
    Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
    (UNCSD) in 2012 - also referred to as 'Rio20' or
    'Rio 20'. The Conference seeks three objectives
    securing renewed political commitment to
    sustainable development, assessing the progress
    and implementation gaps in meeting already agreed
    commitments, and addressing new and emerging
    challenges. The Member States have agreed on the
    following two themes for the Conference green
    economy within the context of sustainable
    development and poverty eradication, and
    institutional framework for sustainable
    development

35
2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference
  • COP 25 (3-23 December 2019), Madrid, Spain
  • Also known as COP25 (UNFCCC)
  • COP stands for Conference of the Parties, all
    will be attended by countries that signed the
    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
    Change (UNFCCC) a treaty agreed in 1994

36
2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
(UNCCC)
  • Also known as COP26, is the 26th United Nations
    Climate Change conference
  • Scheduled to be held in Glasgow, Scotland, from
    1-12th November 2021

37
2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference
(UNCCC)
  • The 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference
    or Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC, more
    commonly referred to as COP27, was 27th United
    Nations Climate Change conference
  • 6th November to 18th November 2022
  • Sharm el Sheikh Egypt
  • Together for Implementation with a view to
    renewing and extending the climate goals as
    agreed under the Paris Agreement and the
    Convention

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40
  • The founder of the International Institute for
    Environment and Development (IIED, 1972), Barbara
    Ward was a pioneering economist, writer and
    lecturer. She was one of the first people to
    articulate the concept of sustainable development
    and what was needed to underpin it, and
    her vision still inspires IIED's work today.
  • Early champion of sustainable development
  • Environmental campaigners know Ward for her book
    "Only One Earth The Care and Maintenance of a
    Small Planet". 
  • In this book, published in 1972, she writes of
    the need "clearly to define what should be done
    to maintain the earth as a place suitable for
    human life not only now, but also for future
    generations". This is generally considered the
    first and best definition of the concept of
    sustainable development.

41
1.3 Livelihood Approach to Sustainable Development
  • The dictionary definition of livelihood is a
    means to living
  • Livelihood is a term that we use in everyday
    life, and we probably all have deferring ideas
    about its meaning.
  • A livelihood is a means of making a living. It
    encompasses peoples capabilities, assets, income
    and activities required to secure the necessities
    of life.

42
  • Rural livelihood is defined as the
    capabilities, assets and activities that rural
    people require for a means of living.
  • A livelihood is sustainable when it enables
    people to cope with and recover from shocks and
    stresses (such as natural disasters and economic
    or social upheavals) and enhance their well-being
    and that of future generations without
    undermining the natural environment or resource
    base.

43
Components and Assets of Rural Livelihood
  • A livelihood comprises the assets ( natural,
    physical, human, financial and social capital),
    the activities and the access to these (mediated
    by institutions and social relations), that
    together determine the living gained by the
    individual of household. (Chamber and Conway,
    1992)
  • Assets is "a wide range of tangible and
    intangible stores of value or claims to
    assistance". In other words assets can be
    converted into resources when necessary, in day
    to day living as well as in a situation of
    crisis.

44
  • For instance, experience can be an asset. It
    becomes a resource when people apply it to a new
    situation, using their cognitive skills to do so.
    Livestock is an asset when it is kept for its
    value. It can be converted into money when the
    need arises. Livestock is a resource when used in
    agricultural and domestic production.
    Biodiversity at farm level is an asset. It
    becomes a resource when it is purposively used in
    agriculture and food production.

45
  • What is sustainable livelihood approach?
  • The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) is a
    method of analyzing and changing the lives of
    people experiencing poverty and disadvantage. It
    is a participatory approach based on the
    recognition that all people have abilities and
    assets that can be developed to help them improve
    their lives.

46
  • The inputs to the livelihood system are resources
    and assets. Resources can be seen as immediate
    means needed for livelihood generation. Engberg
    (1990) distinguishes several types of resources
  • Human Resources, which are needed to provide
    productive labor, and which consist of cognitive
    skills, psychomotor skills, emotional skills,
    social skills and physical strength
  • Material Resources, such as land, money,
    livestock, agricultural tools, space, facilities
    (e.g. household water supply), means of
    communication and transport etc
  • Environmental Resources, which can be divided
    into resources in the physical environment (both
    natural and man-made) and resources in the
    socio-institutional environment (such as markets,
    kinship networks etc.).

47
DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)
48
  • DFID framework outlines assets in terms of five
    categories necessary for the pursuit of positive
    livelihood outcomes
  • Human capital amount and quality of knowledge
    and labor available in a household
  • Natural capital the quality and quantity of
    natural resource, ranging from fisheries to air
    quality
  • Financial capital
  • Social capital
  • Physical capital

49
  • Human capital, e.g., health, nutrition,
    education, knowledge and skills, capacity to
    work, capacity to adapt
  • Social capital, e.g., networks and connections
    (patronage, neighborhoods, kinship), relations of
    trust and mutual understanding and support,
    formal and informal groups, shared values and
    behaviors, common rules and sanctions, collective
    representation, mechanisms for participation in
    decision-making, leadership
  • Natural capital, e.g., land and produce, water
    and aquatic resources, trees and forest products,
    wildlife, wild foods and ?bers, biodiversity,
    environmental services
  • Physical capital, e.g., infrastructure
    (transport, roads, vehicles, secure shelter and
    buildings, water supply and sanitation, energy,
    communications), tools and technology (tools and
    equipment for production, seed, fertilizer,
    pesticides, traditional technology)
  • Financial capital, e.g., savings, credit and debt
    (formal, informal), remittances, pensions, wages

50
  • A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets
    (including both material and social resources)
    and activities required for a means of living. A
    livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with
    and recover from stresses and shocks, maintain or
    enhance its capabilities and assets, while not
    undermining the natural resource base.

51
  • The sustainable livelihoods approach is a way of
    thinking about the objectives, scope, and
    priorities for development activities.

52
1.4 Relationship between Sustainable Development
and Climate Change
  • The link between climate change and sustainable
    development are strong. Poor and developing
    countries, particularly least developed
    countries, will be among those most adversely
    affected and least able to cope with the
    anticipated shocks to their social, economic and
    natural systems

53
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
    Change ( UNFCCC) defined Climate Change as "a
    change of climate which is attributed directly or
    indirectly to human activity that alters the
    composition of the global atmosphere and which is
    in addition to natural climate variability
    observed over comparable time periods.

54
  • However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
    Change(IPCC) definition of Climate Change
    includes change due to natural variability
    alongside human activity.
  • a change in the state of the climate that can be
    identified by changes in the means and/or
    variability of its properties that persists for
    an extended period, typically decades or longer.
  • Thus, climate change refers to any change in
    climate over time, whether due to natural
    variability or as a result of human activity.

55
  • How does climate change affect sustainability?
  • Climate change caused by the global increase in
    temperatures triggers multiple negative effects
    on the planet. These effects interrelate with
    each other and increase their violence, putting
    at risk the species that inhabit the Earth,
    including the humans

56
  • Climate change does not yet feature prominently
    within the environmental or economic policy
    agendas of developing countries. Yet evidences
    shows that some of the most adverse effects of
    climate change will be in developing countries,
    where population are most vulnerable and least
    likely to easily adapt to climate change.

57
  • Just as biodiversity sustains the ecosystem,
    cultural diversity, social capital, social
    institutions, the shared conceptions of justice,
    mutual trust, and the equity of social choices
    sustain the social system.

58
  • The two main human impacts on the carbon cycle
    are Burning of fossil fuels.
  • Land use and land cover change (e.g.
    deforestation)

59
Climate Change Impacts
  • climate change can alter rainfall, influence crop
    yields, affect human health, cause changes to
    forests and other ecosystems, and even impact our
    energy supply. Climate-related impacts are
    occurring across the country and over many
    sectors of our economy.

60
  • Agriculture
  • Coast
  • Ecosystem
  • Energy
  • Forests
  • Human health
  • Society
  • Transportation
  • Water resources

61
  • What is extreme events?
  • there are various ways to characterize extreme
    events. A widely used concept is return
    period. This is the frequency at which the event
    occur. In IPCC report, an event occurring once in
    20 years has been designated an extreme event.

62
Some Extreme phenomena are
  • Extreme warm and cold days
  • Hottest days
  • Heat waves
  • Heavy precipitation
  • Tropical cyclone and storms activity
  • Droughts
  • Extreme coastal high waters
  • Patterns of natural variability
    (unpredictability)

63
Some questions
  • Define sustainable development along with its
    major features. Explain its relevancy in present
    day development practices.
  • Write note on sustainable development goal
    (SDGs). Critically evaluate the challenges for
    implementation of SDGs in Nepal.
  • Define livelihood and sustainable livelihood.
  • Trace out the historical context of evolution of
    concept of sustainable development.
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