Title: SGWGS
1Unit I Introduction - 10
- Sustainable Development Concepts and Principles
- Evolution of Sustainable Development Agenda
- Livelihood Approach to Sustainable Development
- Relationship between Sustainable Development and
Climate Change.
21.1 Sustainable Development Concepts and
Principles
- What is Development?
- Generally Development is the gradual growth of a
situation that becomes more advanced and strong
than previous one. - Development is intended to bring a positive
change for human being and its surroundings.
Development may take place by bringing about a
change in policy, projects and legislation. - Development is a unfolding of human potentials
for meaningful participation in economic, social,
political and cultural process and institutions,
so that people can improve their conditions.
3- Sustainable means the capacity to continue
into the distant future. - There should be a) an action, b) a time
dimension, and c) the level of action should not
decrease. - Sustainable development present type of
economic development is not sustainable, as it
depletes natural resources and increases
pollution. - If continued on the same path, the Earth will run
out of natural resources, and pollution destroy
the ecology of the Earth.
4Definition of Sustainable Development
- Brundtland, defined Sustainable development as
development that meets the needs of the present
generation, without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
Our Common Future 1987. - Contains two key concepts
- Poverty Focus the needs of the worlds poor to
which high priority should be given. - Futures Focus limits imposed by technology and
social organization on environments ability to
meet present and future needs.
5- The concept of sustainable development aims to
maintain economic advancement and progress while
protecting the long-term value of the
environment it provides a framework for the
integration of environment policies and
development strategies
6- The concept of conserving resources for future
generations is one of the major features that
distinguish sustainable development policy from
traditional environmental policy. - The overall goal of sustainable development (SD)
is the long-term stability of the economy and
environment this is only achievable through the
integration and acknowledgement of economic,
environmental, and social concerns throughout the
decision-making process.
7Sustainable development is often illustrated by a
simple diagram showing three overlapping circles
representing social, economic and environmental
progress (Tripple Bottom Line)
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9A Fourth Pillar
- cultural diversity is as necessary for
humankind as biodiversity is for nature.
sustainable development cannot be understood
simply in terms of economic growth, but also as
a means to achieve a more satisfactory
intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual
existence. -
10- This has been expanded by some authors to include
a fourth pillar of culture, institutions or
governance. - In this context, the Agenda 21 for culture and
the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)
Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the
policy statement "Culture Fourth Pillar of
Sustainable Development", passed on 17 November
2010, in the framework of the World Summit of
Local and Regional Leaders 3rd World Congress
of UCLG, held in Mexico City.
11- This document inaugurates a new perspective and
points to the relation between culture and
sustainable development through a dual approach
developing a solid cultural policy and advocating
a cultural dimension in all public policies. - The Circles of Sustainability approach
distinguishes the four domains of economic,
ecological, political and cultural
sustainability.
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13- Objectives of Sustainable Development
- Reviving growth
- Changing the quality of growth
- Meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy,
water and sanitation - Ensuring the sustainable level of population
- Conserving and enhancing the resource base
- Merging environment and economic decision making
- To inform technology and managing risk, etc.
14- On the basis of various Scholars the objectives
of Sustainable Development can be categorized
as - 1. Social progress and equality,
- 2. Environmental protection,
- 3. Conservation of natural resources and
- 4. Stable economic growth.
15Principles of Sustainable Development
-
- ..The guiding principle of sustainable
development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs
16Normative Principles of Sustainable Development
- Common but differentiated responsibilities
- Inter-generational equity (justice between
generations children, youth and adult) - Intra-generational equity (equity between same
generation) - Justice
- Participation
- Gender equality
17- The three key principles for sustainable
development are - economic,
- environmental, and
- social sustainability
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19The six principles of sustainability can help a
community ensure that its social, economic, and
environmental systems are well integrated and
will endure.
20At last, the importance of SD can be categorized
into following points
- Proper use of resources
- People's participation
- Accountability
- Long term vision
- Limits of development
- Development of basic aspect
21Unfortunately, no common consensus among
countries over the mode and type of sustainable
development to be achieved.
- Who sets the values or standards for sustainable
development? Rich countries or poor countries? - What are these values and norms? Are they
universally acceptable? - How and who should implement them?
- How should they be implemented?
- At what level should they be implemented?
22The UK government, for example, proposed a five
principle approach incorporating good governance
and sound science
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24The concept of SD can in core be summarized as
- Maintenance and sustainable utilization of the
functions (goods and services) provided by
natural ecosystems and bio spheric processes.. - Maximizing the biological system goals (genetic
diversity, resilience, biological production),
economic system goals (meeting basic minimum
needs, equity), and social system goals (social
justice, people's participation) simultaneously. - Improving the quality of human life while living
within the carrying capacity of supporting
eco-systems.
251.2 Evolution of Sustainable Development Agenda
- The concept of sustainable development started to
appear in the 1970s. - The reason behind the emergence of such a concept
was the growing awareness of the depletion of
natural resources, and worsening environmental
conditions on the one hand and increasing world
population on the other hand, i.e., demand-supply
differences.
26- 1972
- In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment held in Stockholm brought the
industrialized and developing nations together to
delineate the rights of the human family to a
healthy and productive environment. - A series of such meetings followed, e.g. on the
rights of people to adequate food, to sound
housing, to safe water, to access to means of
family planning. The recognition to revitalize
humanitys connection with Nature, led to the
creation of global institutions within the UN
system.
27- 1980
- In 1980, the International Union for the
Conservation of Natural Resources (IUCN)
published the World Conservation Strategy (WCS)
which provided a precursor to the concept of
sustainable development. - The Strategy asserted that conservation of nature
cannot be achieved without development to
alleviate poverty and misery of hundreds of
million of people and stressed the
interdependence of conservation and development
in which development depends on caring for the
Earth. - Unless the fertility and productivity of the
planet are safeguarded, the human future is at
risk.
28- 1982
- Ten years later, at the 48th plenary of the
General Assembly in 1982, the World Conservation
Strategy (WCS) initiative culminated with the
approval of the World Charter for Nature. The
Charter stated that "mankind is a part of nature
and life depends on the uninterrupted functioning
of natural systems".
29- 1983
- In 1983, the World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED) was created and, by 1984, it
was constituted as an independent body by the
United Nations General Assembly. - WCED was asked to formulate A global agenda for
change. - In 1987, in its report Our Common Future, the
WCED advanced the understanding of global
interdependence and the relationship between
economics and the environment previously
introduced by the WCS. - The report wove together social, economic,
cultural and environmental issues and global
solutions.
30- 1992
- In June 1992, the first UN Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in
Rio de Janeiro and adopted an agenda for
environment and development in the 21st Century. - Agenda 21 A Programme of Action for Sustainable
Development contains the Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development, which recognizes
each nations right to pursue social and economic
progress and assigned to States the
responsibility of adopting a model of sustainable
development and, the Statement of Forest
Principles. Agenda 21 further reaffirmed that
sustainable development was delimited by the
integration of the economic, social and
environmental pillars. - The spirit of the conference was captured by the
expression "Harmony with Nature", brought into
the fore with the first principle of the Rio
Declaration "Human beings are at the center of
concerns for sustainable development. They are
entitled to a healthy and productive life in
harmony with nature".
31- 1993
- In 1993, UNCED instituted the Commission on
Sustainable Development (CSD) to follow-up on the
implementation of Agenda 21.
32- 1997
- In June 1997, the General Assembly dedicated its
19th Special Session (UNGASS-19) to design a
"Programme for the Further Implementation of
Agenda 21".
33- 2002
- In 2002, ten years after the Rio Declaration, a
follow-up conference, the World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) was convened in
Johannesburg to renew the global commitment to
sustainable development. The conference agreed on
the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI)
and further tasked the CSD to follow-up on the
implementation of sustainable development
34- 2009
- On 24th December 2009 the UN General Assembly
adopted a Resolution agreeing to hold the United
Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
(UNCSD) in 2012 - also referred to as 'Rio20' or
'Rio 20'. The Conference seeks three objectives
securing renewed political commitment to
sustainable development, assessing the progress
and implementation gaps in meeting already agreed
commitments, and addressing new and emerging
challenges. The Member States have agreed on the
following two themes for the Conference green
economy within the context of sustainable
development and poverty eradication, and
institutional framework for sustainable
development
352019 United Nations Climate Change Conference
- COP 25 (3-23 December 2019), Madrid, Spain
- Also known as COP25 (UNFCCC)
- COP stands for Conference of the Parties, all
will be attended by countries that signed the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) a treaty agreed in 1994
362021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
(UNCCC)
- Also known as COP26, is the 26th United Nations
Climate Change conference - Scheduled to be held in Glasgow, Scotland, from
1-12th November 2021
372022 United Nations Climate Change Conference
(UNCCC)
- The 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference
or Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC, more
commonly referred to as COP27, was 27th United
Nations Climate Change conference - 6th November to 18th November 2022
- Sharm el Sheikh Egypt
- Together for Implementation with a view to
renewing and extending the climate goals as
agreed under the Paris Agreement and the
Convention
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40- The founder of the International Institute for
Environment and Development (IIED, 1972), Barbara
Ward was a pioneering economist, writer and
lecturer. She was one of the first people to
articulate the concept of sustainable development
and what was needed to underpin it, and
her vision still inspires IIED's work today. - Early champion of sustainable development
- Environmental campaigners know Ward for her book
"Only One Earth The Care and Maintenance of a
Small Planet". - In this book, published in 1972, she writes of
the need "clearly to define what should be done
to maintain the earth as a place suitable for
human life not only now, but also for future
generations". This is generally considered the
first and best definition of the concept of
sustainable development.
411.3 Livelihood Approach to Sustainable Development
- The dictionary definition of livelihood is a
means to living - Livelihood is a term that we use in everyday
life, and we probably all have deferring ideas
about its meaning. - A livelihood is a means of making a living. It
encompasses peoples capabilities, assets, income
and activities required to secure the necessities
of life.
42- Rural livelihood is defined as the
capabilities, assets and activities that rural
people require for a means of living. - A livelihood is sustainable when it enables
people to cope with and recover from shocks and
stresses (such as natural disasters and economic
or social upheavals) and enhance their well-being
and that of future generations without
undermining the natural environment or resource
base.
43Components and Assets of Rural Livelihood
- A livelihood comprises the assets ( natural,
physical, human, financial and social capital),
the activities and the access to these (mediated
by institutions and social relations), that
together determine the living gained by the
individual of household. (Chamber and Conway,
1992) - Assets is "a wide range of tangible and
intangible stores of value or claims to
assistance". In other words assets can be
converted into resources when necessary, in day
to day living as well as in a situation of
crisis.
44- For instance, experience can be an asset. It
becomes a resource when people apply it to a new
situation, using their cognitive skills to do so.
Livestock is an asset when it is kept for its
value. It can be converted into money when the
need arises. Livestock is a resource when used in
agricultural and domestic production.
Biodiversity at farm level is an asset. It
becomes a resource when it is purposively used in
agriculture and food production.
45- What is sustainable livelihood approach?
- The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) is a
method of analyzing and changing the lives of
people experiencing poverty and disadvantage. It
is a participatory approach based on the
recognition that all people have abilities and
assets that can be developed to help them improve
their lives.
46- The inputs to the livelihood system are resources
and assets. Resources can be seen as immediate
means needed for livelihood generation. Engberg
(1990) distinguishes several types of resources - Human Resources, which are needed to provide
productive labor, and which consist of cognitive
skills, psychomotor skills, emotional skills,
social skills and physical strength - Material Resources, such as land, money,
livestock, agricultural tools, space, facilities
(e.g. household water supply), means of
communication and transport etc - Environmental Resources, which can be divided
into resources in the physical environment (both
natural and man-made) and resources in the
socio-institutional environment (such as markets,
kinship networks etc.).
47DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)
48- DFID framework outlines assets in terms of five
categories necessary for the pursuit of positive
livelihood outcomes - Human capital amount and quality of knowledge
and labor available in a household - Natural capital the quality and quantity of
natural resource, ranging from fisheries to air
quality - Financial capital
- Social capital
- Physical capital
49- Human capital, e.g., health, nutrition,
education, knowledge and skills, capacity to
work, capacity to adapt - Social capital, e.g., networks and connections
(patronage, neighborhoods, kinship), relations of
trust and mutual understanding and support,
formal and informal groups, shared values and
behaviors, common rules and sanctions, collective
representation, mechanisms for participation in
decision-making, leadership - Natural capital, e.g., land and produce, water
and aquatic resources, trees and forest products,
wildlife, wild foods and ?bers, biodiversity,
environmental services - Physical capital, e.g., infrastructure
(transport, roads, vehicles, secure shelter and
buildings, water supply and sanitation, energy,
communications), tools and technology (tools and
equipment for production, seed, fertilizer,
pesticides, traditional technology) - Financial capital, e.g., savings, credit and debt
(formal, informal), remittances, pensions, wages
50- A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets
(including both material and social resources)
and activities required for a means of living. A
livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with
and recover from stresses and shocks, maintain or
enhance its capabilities and assets, while not
undermining the natural resource base.
51- The sustainable livelihoods approach is a way of
thinking about the objectives, scope, and
priorities for development activities.
521.4 Relationship between Sustainable Development
and Climate Change
- The link between climate change and sustainable
development are strong. Poor and developing
countries, particularly least developed
countries, will be among those most adversely
affected and least able to cope with the
anticipated shocks to their social, economic and
natural systems
53- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change ( UNFCCC) defined Climate Change as "a
change of climate which is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and which is
in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods.
54- However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change(IPCC) definition of Climate Change
includes change due to natural variability
alongside human activity. - a change in the state of the climate that can be
identified by changes in the means and/or
variability of its properties that persists for
an extended period, typically decades or longer. - Thus, climate change refers to any change in
climate over time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.
55- How does climate change affect sustainability?
- Climate change caused by the global increase in
temperatures triggers multiple negative effects
on the planet. These effects interrelate with
each other and increase their violence, putting
at risk the species that inhabit the Earth,
including the humans
56- Climate change does not yet feature prominently
within the environmental or economic policy
agendas of developing countries. Yet evidences
shows that some of the most adverse effects of
climate change will be in developing countries,
where population are most vulnerable and least
likely to easily adapt to climate change.
57- Just as biodiversity sustains the ecosystem,
cultural diversity, social capital, social
institutions, the shared conceptions of justice,
mutual trust, and the equity of social choices
sustain the social system.
58- The two main human impacts on the carbon cycle
are Burning of fossil fuels. - Land use and land cover change (e.g.
deforestation)
59Climate Change Impacts
- climate change can alter rainfall, influence crop
yields, affect human health, cause changes to
forests and other ecosystems, and even impact our
energy supply. Climate-related impacts are
occurring across the country and over many
sectors of our economy.
60- Agriculture
- Coast
- Ecosystem
- Energy
- Forests
- Human health
- Society
- Transportation
- Water resources
61- What is extreme events?
- there are various ways to characterize extreme
events. A widely used concept is return
period. This is the frequency at which the event
occur. In IPCC report, an event occurring once in
20 years has been designated an extreme event.
62Some Extreme phenomena are
- Extreme warm and cold days
- Hottest days
- Heat waves
- Heavy precipitation
- Tropical cyclone and storms activity
- Droughts
- Extreme coastal high waters
- Patterns of natural variability
(unpredictability)
63Some questions
- Define sustainable development along with its
major features. Explain its relevancy in present
day development practices. - Write note on sustainable development goal
(SDGs). Critically evaluate the challenges for
implementation of SDGs in Nepal. - Define livelihood and sustainable livelihood.
- Trace out the historical context of evolution of
concept of sustainable development.