ecological restoration

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College of dry land agriculture.

• Program Range ecology and Biodiversity
• Course env.t degradation and restoration
  ecology
• assignment Title restoration ecology.

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Content 1. Ecosystem and concept of restoration
ecology

• It is the process of assisting the recovery of an
  ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or or
  destroyed(society for Ecological restoration
  definition).
• Restoration ecology is a complex conservation
  activity that creates plant and animal
  communities/ecosystems modeled on historical
  systems and ecological theory, on sites that have
  been significantly altered by modern human
  disturbance.

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Content 1. Ecosystem and concept of restoration
ecology

• there are a number of activities that may be
  employed to help improve injured ecosystems.
  Terms like restoration, rehabilitation,
  remediation, and reclamation are often used
  interchangeably in practice, but their
  definitions vary by authorizing laws and
  implementing agencies.
• By The way degraded ecosystem can be returned to
  its original state using removal, cleanup,
  remediation.

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Content 1. Ecosystem and Rest ecology
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Cont 2. Restoring Ecological Function

• The desire to restore species and communities
  stems both from their intrinsic ecological Value
  as well as the provision of critical ecosystem
  services.
• a focus on ecological processes in a restoration
  context provides a different view of the State
  and dynamics of ecosystems and the services they
  may provide. Measuring ecological function
  require key ecological process such
• Nutrient processing,
• Productivity or decomposition.

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Cont2.

• The currency is typically a process rate, and it
  reflects system performance. Because ecosystem
  function may indicate important elements of
  system performance, environmental managers are
  also increasingly interested in the use of
  functional assessments.
• Historically, many ecological restoration efforts
  have focused on single species, populations, or
  the Composition of ecological communities.
  However, it is recognized increasingly that
  restoration of ecological processes, such as
  nutrient turnover or hydrological flux, may be
  critical components of restoration outcomes.

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Cont2 restoring eco function

• However, it is recognized increasingly that
  restoration of ecological processes, such as
  nutrient turnover or hydrological flux, may be
  critical components of restoration outcomes. This
  understanding has been paralleled by an upsurge
  in ecological research on the linkage between
  ecological structure (e.g., species diversity,
  habitat complexity) and ecological function
  (e.g., biogeochemical processes, disturbance
  regimes).

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Cont3.Restoring of soil degradation

• Soil the most basic of all resources, the mother
  of every productivity, it is the essence of all
  terrestrial life and a cultural heritage. Yet,
  soil is finite in extent, prone to degradation by
  natural and anthropogenic factors.
• Any way in order to restore the soil it must
  be focused on the Physical restoration,
  Chemical restoration, Biological restoration and
  Ecological restoration.

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Content 3 restoring of soil

• 1.Physical restoration

• 2. Chemical restoration

• By alleviating acidification,
• improving capacity nutrients pools
• decreasing Salinization,
• creating elemental favorable balance etc.
• improving activity and capacity of nutrient
  pools,

• Reducing desertification,
• improving aggregation,
• improving plant available water capacity,
• improving aeration

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Content 3.restoration of soil degradation

• 3.Biological restoration . by

• 4 ecological restoration
  

• Increasing microbial biomass carbon
• Enhancing soil Biodiversity
• Creating disease suppressive soils
• Increasing mycohorhizal and Rhizobial population.

• Increasing soil C pool
• Strengening elemental cycling
• Creating favorable hydrological balance
• Enhancing ecosystem service

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Soil Fertility Management to Restore Soil
quality

• Use of organic amendments, by recycling organic
  by-products including urban waste, is a useful
  strategy to enhance soil fertility and improve
  structural stability or aggregates .
• Sustainable intensification (SI), producing more
  from less by reducing losses and increasing the
  use efficiency, is attainable only through
  improvement of soil quality including chemical
  quality or soil fertility.
• While, nitrogen (N) input is important to
  improving soil fertility, its improper and/or
  excessive use can also lead to environmental
  pollution.

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Cont 4 Improving Soil/Agro-Biodiversity

• Soil biota are important to soil restoration and
  reduce risks of degradation and desertification.
• Indeed, soil biota comprise a major component of
  global terrestrial biodiversity and perform
  critical roles in key ecosystem functions (e.g.,
  biomass decomposition, nutrient cycling,
  moderating CO2 in the atmosphere, creating
  disease suppressive soils)
• Improving activity and species diversity of soil
  fauna and flora (micro, meso and macro) is
  therefore essential to restoring and improving
  soil quality and reducing risks of soil
  degradation.

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RANGELAND RESTORATION andmanagement

• Natural ecosystems have been severely destroyed
  because of anthropogenic disturbances,
  unreasonable utilization, and neglect of
  protection and restoration (Hai et al., 2007).
  These disturbed or degraded ecosystems are
  confronted with poor soil fertility, shortage of
  water and deteriorated microenvironment, which
  would severely restrict their productivity.
• In order to restore degraded ecosystems, it is
  crucial to identify which ecosystem functions
  should be restored first. It is therefore,
  important to define the functional status of the
  ecosystem beforehand. It is also important to
  establish the relationship between ecosystem
  structure and functioning, and to assess the
  potential for ecosystem restoration

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RANGELAND RESTORATION and management

• How to comprehensively restore and harness the
  degraded ecosystem is a key issue in increasing
  productivity, improving environmental conditions
  and achieving sustainable development. When the
  disturbance is removed, the degraded ecosystems
  will initiate a succession to the primitive
  community, and restoration process is considered
  as the progressive succession.

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RANGELAND RESTORATION andmanagement

• Management of rangeland degradation can be dived
  into preventative and restoration measures.
  Answers to preventative measures can often be
  found within the causes of land degradation.
• Where restoration is of significant importance to
  land owners. The fast rate at which intact
  natural ecosystems are degraded and decline, has
  emphasized the importance of ecological
  restoration to maintain the earth's natural
  capital

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The role of vegetation in restoration of degraded
rangelands

• Vegetation plays an important role in erosion
  control it efficiently mitigates erosion by
  active and passive protection.
• Active protection against erosive agents consists
  of raindrop interception and increase in water
  infiltration in soil, thermal regulation and soil
  fixation by root systems.
• a passive protection by trapping and retaining
  sediments inside the catchment due to its aerial
  parts .

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RANGELAND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES

• Most techniques of Rangeland restoration aim at
  the improvement of soil water status by
  increasing infiltration or decreasing evaporative
  loss ( the mother of any production).
• These restoration techniques include introducing
  transplants, Revegetation,
• There are also biological and mechanical
  approaches. The biological approach includes
  planting methods of seeds using manure, gravel,
  and grass. where mechanical includes use of farm
  implements to disturb the soil.

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Restoration Ecology and Evolutionary Process

• Restoration activities have increased
  dramatically in recent years, creating
  evolutionary challenges and opportunities.
• Any restoration program may thus entail
  consideration of evolution in the past, present,
  and future. Restoration efforts often involve
  dramatic and rapid shifts in habitat that may
  even lead to different ecological states (such as
  altered fire regimes) (Siding et al. 2003).

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. Restoration Ecology for climate change

• In the last two decades there have been
  significant theoretical breakthroughs and a
  proliferation of research on historical climate
  and climate-related sciences that have led to an
  overhaul of our understanding of Earths climate
  system (Smithand Uppenbrink 2001). And These
  new insights are relevant to restoration ecology
  for climate changeso much so that fuller
  understanding could trigger rethinking of
  fundamental principles. Conceptual views of the
  natural world influence tactical approaches to
  conservation, restoration, and resource
  management.

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Restoration ecology for climate

• By The way the phrase climate change usually
  connotes global warming, greenhouse gas impacts,
  novel anthropogenic threats, and international
  politics.
• to understand and assimilate into restoration
  ecology theorythat is, the role of the natural
  climate system as a pervasive force of ecological
  change.

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Thank you my dear audients