Typhoid,Typhoid Vaccination for Travel

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Typhoid, Typhoid Vaccination for Travel
The disease is caused by the bacteria Salmonella
Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B or C. Typhoid
is transmitted by food and drink that has been
contaminated with human faeces or urine
(faecal-oral route).
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The Risks for Travelers
Typhoid can be found throughout the world but it
is more common in countries where water or food
supplies are liable to be contaminated with human
excreta especially in Africa, the Indian
Sub-continent, South East Asia and South America.
Consumption of food and drink that has been
contaminated with faeces or urine from a human
case or carrier direct faecal oral contamination
can also occur. As with all other illnesses
spread by the faecal oral route, precautionary
measures should be taken to avoid consumption of
potentially contaminated drinks and drinking
water and to ensure food is uncontaminated or
cooked thoroughly. Personal hygiene when eating
and drinking is also important including hand
washing prior to eating and using clean plates,
cups and utensils.
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Countries endemic for typhoid WHO 2009
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Signs and symptoms of Typhoid

• Mild
• Fever
• Constipation or sometimes diarrhoea
• Abdominal pain, loss of appetite
• Myalgia and headache
• Faint pink rose spot rash can occasionally be
  seen

• Severe
• Disseminated disease with multi organ involvement
• Intestinal perforation
• Meningitis

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Typhoid Vaccination
Vaccination should be considered under the
following circumstances and is dependent on the
individual risk assessment Vaccination is
recommended for travellers to high risk areas
where food and water may be contaminated. Travel
to low risk areas  vaccination may be
recommended only to those staying in conditions
with poor sanitation and unable to maintain their
own hygiene precautions e.g. hand hygiene and
water purification. Long term travellers staying
for long periods. A previous typhoid illness
does not confer reliable immunity and, when
indicated, vaccine should still be used.
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