THE CHEMICAL MIRACLE IN THE INSECT WORLD

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THE CHEMICAL MIRACLE IN THE INSECT WORLD
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semiochemicals

• Small organic compounds that transmit chemical
  messages.
• Used by insects for intra and interspecies
  communication.
• The term semiochemical has been used since
  1971.
• Derived from Greek word semeon which means
  sign or signal.

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CLASSIFICATION
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pheromones

• Volatile compounds used by insects for
  intraspecies communication
• The term was introduced by Peter Karlson and
  Martin Luscher in 1959
• .
• Adolf Butenandt characterized the 1st such
  chemical, bombykol, released by female silk worm
  moths to attract males.

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• The key to all of these behavioral chemicals is
  that they leave the body of the first organism,
  pass through the air (or water) and reach the
  second organism, where they are detected by the
  second organism(receiver).
• In insects, these pheromones are detected by the
  antennae on the head.

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HORMONE PHEROMONE
Produced by insects endocrine gland Exocrine in origin and secreted outside the body of the insect. So, earlier called as ectohormones.
Has effect on the insect that produces them Effect on other insects
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TYPES OF PHEROMONES

• Based on responses elicited
• PRIMERS
• RELEASERS

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PRIMER PHEROMONE

• They trigger off a chain of physiological changes
  in the recipient without any immediate change in
  behavior.
• They act through gustatory (taste) sensilla.
• Ex. Caste determination and reproduction in
  social insects like ants,bees,wasps and termites.
• No much practical value in IPM.

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RELEASER PHEROMONE

• Produces an immediate change in behaviour of
  recipient.
• Act through olfactory (smell)sensilla and
  directly act on CNS of recipient and modify
  behaviour .
• Widely used in pest management.

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Types of releaser pheromone

• Alarm pheromone
• Sex pheromone
• Aggregation pheromone
• Recruitment pheromone
• Trail pheromone
• Epideictic pheromone
• Territorial pheromone

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ALARM PHEROMONE

• To warn the members of same species about
  presence or attack of an enemy.
• Hemiptera,Isoptera,hymenoptera.
• Used in IPM for control of aphids

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SEX PHEROMONE

• Released by one sex only and trigger behavioral
  pattern in opposite sex that facilitate in
  mating.
• Commonly released by females.
• Lepidoptera ,orthoptera ,dictyoptera
  ,diptera,coleoptera ,hymenoptera ,neuroptera and
  mecoptera.
• In lepidopterans sex pheromone system is highly
  evolved.

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FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE
INSECT SCIENTIFIC NAME PHEROMONE
SILKWORM Bombyx mori BOMBYKOL
PINKBOLLWORM Pectinophora gossypiella GOSSYPLURE
TOBACCO CUTWORM Spodoptera litura SPODOLURE,LITLURE
GRAM POD BORER Helicoverpa armigera HELILURE
HONEYBEEQUEEN Apis sps QUEENS SUBSTANCE
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MALE SEX PHEROMONE
INSECT SCIENTIFIC NAME PHEROMONE
COTTON BOLL WEEVIL Anthonomos grandis GRANDLURE
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AGGREGATION PHEROMONE

• It induces aggregation or congregation of insects
  for protection , reproduction and feeding.
• Released by males and females which attract both
  the sexes.
• Fns
• defense mechanism against predators.
• overcoming host resistance by mass
  attack.
• Found in coleoptera, diptera,
• hemiptera.

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AGGREGATION PHEROMONE
INSECT SCIENTIFIC NAME PHEROMONE
BARK BEETLE Dendroctonus frontalis FRONTALIN
PHLOEM BEETLE Ips confusus IPSENOL
COCKROACH Periplanata americana PERAPLANONE
TRIBOLIUM Tribolium confusum DIMETHYL DECANOL
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EPIDEICTIC PHEROMONE

• When female insect lay eggs ,they secrete
  epidiectic pheromone to signal other females of
  the same sps that the territory is taken and they
  should lay their eggs elsewhere.

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Territorial pheromone

• Marks the boundaries and identity of an
  organisms territory.
• For ex Males of bumble bees and carpenter
  bees demarcate the territory for foraging
  activity.
• Secreted by males of some sps and attract both
  males and females.

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TRAIL PHEROMONE

• Laid in the form of intermittent or continuous
  lines on a soil surface by which tail followers
  perceives by their antennae to reach the
  destination which could be a mate or food source.
• Produced by termites , ants etc.
• Ants use formic acid as a trail marker

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RECRUITMENT PHEROMONE

• These are used by social insects to maintain
  order and recruit members.
• Eg Nasanov pheromone

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Uses OF PHEROMONES IN ipm

• MONITORING
• Helps to detect population and levels of
  infestation.
• MATING DISRUPTION
• Confusing insects to find their sexual
  counterparts for mating.
• The first successful demonstration was with
  the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiela using
  the parapheromone hexalure which is more active
  than natural pheromone, gossyplure.

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• MASS TRAPPING
• Used for population suppression.
• Sufficient number of pheromone traps are used
  to capture as many insects as possible over a
  large area to avoid any immigration of insects
  from adjoining areas.
• PATHOGEN DISPERSION
• Luring insects to areas treated with
  pathogens which are then spread by the infected
  individuals to the rest of the population.

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application s in pest management
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Rice Yellow Stem Borer Pheromone

• Used to trap yellow stem borer males.
• Hexa decanal.
• Sex pheromones are kept in sleeve trap with
  polythene sleeve and suitable lid.
• 3traps\ha kept in triangular pattern 80 m apart.

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Coconut Red Palm Weevil Pheromone

• Aggregation pheromone
• Ferro lure
• 4 methyl 5 nonanol
• Bucket trap is used.

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• 5l capacity bucket is used.
• Drill holes of 5 cm diameter on 4 sides of the
  bucket.
• Outer portion (below the holes)of the bucket is
  covered with coir rope.
• Insert the pheromone lure into the bucket using
  an iron wire through the top of the lid.

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• Bucket Trap

• Lid With Iron Wire To Hang Pheromone sachet

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• Fill the trap using 20 g fresh green tender
  petiole mixed with 1 L water containing detergent
  or 10 g carbosulphan.
• Placed at chest height or 1m above ground level
  by tying it around the trunk or tying to any
  other tree in vicinity of plantation.
• Change the food bait once in 10 days and also
  discard the trapped weevil from the bucket.
• 1 trap /2 ha

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Coconut RB Pheromone

• Aggregation pheromone
• RB lure
• Ethyl 4 methyl octanoate
• Bucket trap

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• Bucket trap hung on top of palm at 4m height or
  tied on to any other tree rather than coconut in
  the vicinity of the plantation.
• 1 trap/2 ha

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Banana Rhizome weevil pheromone

• Aggregation pheromone
• Cosmo lure
• Sordinin
• Pit fall trap

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• Metal basin of 15 cm diameter and 12 cm ht filled
  with detergent water upto 3cm level from the
  bottom.
• Brim of the basin at ground level and remaining
  part inside the earth.
• A small wooden stand is kept at the middle of the
  can in which cosmolure is suspended

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• Trap position20 m between trap and 50m between
  lines of trap.
• 8traps per ha.
• Longiviety of pheromone trap 2-3 months

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BANANA PSEUDOSTEM WEEVIL PHEROMONE

• Aggregation pheromone
• 2 methyl 4 heptanol HPE
• Host Plant Extract is obtained by solvent
  extraction of 100g pseudostem pieces using
  hexane.
• Plastic funnel trap is used.

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PLASTIC FUNNEL TRAP
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PLASTIC FUNNEL TRAP

• Consist of 2 white plastic funnels of same
  size(12 cm diameter and 8 cm stem length)kept
  close to each other with gap of approximately 2cm
  by a polypropylene twine.
• A 100 ml plastic screw capped container (a bottle
  with 7cm base and 14 cm height)was used to hold
  soap solution upto a mark of approximately 3cm
  from the bottom.

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• A round hole of 2cm was made on screw cap of
  container to enable it to insert the stem of 1
  of the funnels.
• The plastic container retained the trapped
  weevil.
• Height from ground is 1m .

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CUCURBIT FRUITFLY PHEROMONE

• CUE LURE TRAP
• 4(p hydroxy phenyl)2 butanone acetate.
• Sex pheromone (attract males)
• 6 alcohol4cuelure1malathion
• 1 trap per 15 cents
• Longevity 2-3 months
• Banana trap-20g fruit pulp1o g jaggery1-2 ml
  malathion
• 2-3 traps per 15 cents

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MANGO FRUIT FLY PHEROMONE

• METHYL EUGINOL BOTTLE TRAP
• 4 allyl 1,2-dimethoxy benzene.
• 1 trap per 25 cents.
• Sex pheromone(attract males)
• 6alcohol4methyleuginol1malathion
• Longevity 2.5 months
• Ocimum trap- 30g ocimum leaves 10g jaggery.5 g
  carbosulfan granules.
• 2-3 traps per tree

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SWEET POTATO WEEVIL PHEROMONE

• Sex pheromone that attract male weevils.
• Pheromone is impregnated in rubbertubes at 1mg
  per tube and set as trap.
• Traps are set using oil tins .Sides of tin cut
  and removed.
• Fill one third tin with detergent water and
  suspend the pheromone from top of tin inside
  trap.
• 1 trap per 100 square m.

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PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING PHEROMONES IN PEST
MANAGEMENT

• Use only when population exist in an area.
• Make sure that the attracted weevils are killed.
• Remove the trap if no catch within 48 hrs.
• Based on prevailing climatic condition ,the field
  life extend up to 2-3 months .So use within the
  period of expiry.
• Sachet must be kept air tight and stored after
  use.

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OTHER PHEROMONES IN PEST MANAGEMENT
PEST CONTROLLED PARAPHEROMONE USED
AMERICAN BOLLWORM (Z)-11 HEXADECANOL (Z)-9 HEXADECANAL
PINK BOLLWORM (Z,Z) AND( Z,E) 7,11 HEXADECANYL ACETATE (11)
TOBACCO CUT WORM (Z,E)-9,11 TETRA DECA DIENYL ACETATE) AND (Z,E)-9,12 TETRA DECA DIENYL ACETATE
DIAMOND BACK MOTH Z(11) HEXADECANOL 11-HEXA DEONYL ACETATE
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Manufacturing companies

• cue lure
• Sun agro bio system Pvt. Ltd,Chennai,TN.
• Naugra export , Ambala , Haryana.
• Pest control (India) Pvt. Ltd , Mumbai.
• Methyl euginol lure
• Agriland biotech Ltd.
• Pest control (India) Pvt. Ltd , Mumbai.
• Krish Co Ltd.

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• Rhizome weevil lure
• Chempure Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai.
• Sime RB lure
• Sime Darby Plantation.
• Pest control India Pvt. Ltd.
• Semmanure , Trichur.
• TN agro service , Coimbatore , Pollachi.
• Ferro lure
• Grama Karshaka Fertilizer company Pvt. Ltd.
• Chemtica Ltd.
• Semmanure , Trichur.

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PHEROMONES IN HONEYBEES
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• NASANOV PHEROMONE
• Nasanov pheromone is released by the worker
  bees to orient returning forager bees back to
  the colony.

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DRONE PHEROMONE

• Produce a pheromone that attract other flying
  drone to promote drone aggregation at site
  suitable for mating with virgin queen.

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ALARM PHEROMONE

• Secreted by 2 glands.
• 1.MANDIBULAR GLAND
• It is a first line of defensive
• communication if colony is
• facing a threat .When
• guard bees are alarmed by
• an intruder , they put off
• this alarm scent that tells to other
• bees their might be a problem.

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• 2. STING GLAND
• This chemical messenger is
• released after the stinger
• has penetrated the skin of
• intruder.
• Stronger than scent given
• off by the mandibular gland.
• Where the sting took place
• function as bulls eye for the
• other guard bee to attract.

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QUEEN MANDIBULAR PHEROMONE
Retinue behaviour workers surrounding,
licking and feeding
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• Sex attraction during mating.(to Drones)
• Inhibiting swarm cell construction.
• Inhibiting swarming process.
• Inhibit ovary development in workers.
• Stimulating foraging.

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EGG MARKING PHEROMONE

• This pheromone helps nurse bees distinguish
  between eggs laid by the queen bee and eggs laid
  by a laying worker.

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