Soil and Factors of Soil Formation

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Soil and Factors of Soil
Formation

• By Falah Fakhri Post-doctoral
  Scholarfalah.fakhri_at_utu.fi https//www.researc
  hgate.net/profile/Falah_Fakhri https//falahfakh
  ri.wordpress.com https//twitter.com/FALAHFAKHR
  Ihttps//www.youtube.com/my_videos?oU
• Department of Geography
  and Geology
• Day 17/11/2014 Time 1300 13 30
  MAANTIETEEN JA GEOLOGIAN LAITOS

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Overview

• Soil and landscapes!
• What is the Weathering and Soil Formation?
• What are the Factors of Soil Formation?
• What is the equation of Soil Formation?
• What is the relation between Soil and
  Environment?
• Videos

3
Soil and landscapes! (1/2)

• Soils must be considered in the context of their
  landscapes!
• Soils are important because they
• Filter water
• Regulate the flow of rivers,
• Provide habitat for millions
• of species of organisms,

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Soil and landscapes! (2/2)

• Provide water, nutrients and support
• for plants,
• Sequester carbon from the atmosphere,
• Serve as a compost bin for the Earth,
• Moderate and regulate distributions of
• solar energy,
• Provide a historical record of the influences
• of climate and living organisms upon the
• parent material from/in which the soil is
• formed,

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What is Weathering and Soil Formation? (1/3)

• Pedogenesis (Soil Formation) is a complex process
  that does not follow a linear path of
  development.
• While some Soils do form in place, most Soils
  form in
• Mineral or Organic substrates (Parent Materials)
  that have been displaced from their source of
  origin.
• Lets talk about some key factors regarding
• Weathering and Soil Formation.

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What is Weathering and Soil Formation? (2/3)

• Weathering breaks down and alters rocks and
  minerals at or
• near Earth's surface and is divided into Physical
  Weathering
• and Chemical Weathering and Biological
  Weathering.
• .

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What is Weathering and Soil Formation? (3/3)

• The products of weathering combine with Organic
  Material to Form the Soils.

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What are Factors of Soil Formation? (1/8)

• The transformation of rock into Soil is
  designated as soil formation.
• The rocks may be Igneous, Sedimentary,
  Metamorphic,

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What are Factors of Soil Formation? (2/8)

• The relationship between parent material,
• Soil Formation, and Soil may be conveniently
  expressed as follows
• Parent material
  Soil
• Soil formation

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What are Factors of Soil Formation? (3/8)

• Soil
  climate
• Parent material
  Soil
• (soil moisture, soil
  temperature, etc.),

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What are Factors of Soil Formation? (4/8)

• soil organisms
• Parent material
  Soil
• kinds and number of,

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What are Factors of Soil Formation? (5/8)

• 
  Topography
• Parent Material
  Soil
• Or the shape of the
  surface of the soil system.

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What are Factors of Soil Formation? (6/8)

• The states of the soil system vary with time,
  i.e., they are not stable.
• Parent material Time
  Soil (mature)
• Initial state Intermediate states
  Final state of system
• of system

Slow---------------------------------------------
------------------Fast 1 cm/1000yr

30cm/50yr
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What is the equation of Soil Formation? (7/8)

• Since the Soil -Forming factors completely define
  the Soil System, all S values must depend on cl',
  o', r', pt and t, a dependency that may be
  expressed as
• S f' ( cl', o', r' p, t )
• Since
• p Parent Material
• cl Climate
• r Topography
• o Biotic Activity
• t Time

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What is the equation of Soil Formation? (8/8)

• This type of anthropogenic Soils refers to deep
  plowing, ripping, battlefields, trenches,
  excavations, pipelines, construction sites,
  cemeteries, broken hardened layers or pans. These
  soils show no diagnostic horizons or only
  fragments which are not arranged in any
  discernible manner.
• Anthropogenic soils, Human induced changes of
  soil characteristics,
• S f' ( cl', o', r' p, h, t)

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What it is Soil? (1/1)

• Soil is a Nature Complex Dynamic Open System it
  is formed as a result of reactions and
  intervention the impacts of Climate and Organisms
  under a certain Topography and Human during time
  on Parent material.
• S f' ( cl', o', r' p, h, t)
• Most soils contain four
• basic components
• mineral particles,
• water, air, and organic matter.
• Organic matter can be further sub-divided into
  humus, roots, and living organisms. The values
  given are for an average soil.

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What is the relation between Soil and
Environment? (1/1)

• Soil and Environment form coupled Systems. That
  is to say, many corresponding properties of the
  two Systems pass continuously from the one to the
  other.
• Corresponding properties of the two
  Systems
• Soil
  Environment
• Pass continuously from the one to the
  other.

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Videos
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References

• 1- Dudal R., 2004. The sixth factor of soil
  formation. Presented at the International
  Conference on Soil Classification, It is
  available in http//www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/d
  gr2/research/suitma/Dudal_6thFactor.pdf
• 2- Jenny H. 1941 Factors of soil formation A
  System of Quantitative Pedology Foreword by
  Ronald Amundson1994. It is available in
  http//www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010159.Je
  nny.pdf
• 3- Ficklin R. L. 2008 An Introduction to Soil
  Science, it is available in http//www.afrc.uamon
  t.edu/ficklinr/SoilScienceIntroduction2008.pdf
• 4- Cocos O. 1997. Soil-forming factors and their
  impact on the evolution of soils in the upper
  semenic mountains, Geographica Pannonica No. 1,
  11-12, It is available in http//www.dgt.uns.ac.r
  s/pannonica/papers/volume1_02.pdf
• 5- PhysicalGeography.net http//www.physicalgeogra
  phy.net/fundamentals/contents.html