Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint

1
Introduction

• Pathology - a branch of medicine studying
  diseases
• outer and inner factors causing diseases -
  etiology
• (TB - caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

2
Introduction

• how and why - development - pathogenesis
• (infectious endocarditis - thrombembolism -
  multiple abscesses)
• related disciplines anatomy, histology,
  microbiology, clinical chemistry, hematology,
  laboratory medicine

3
Methods used in pathology

• autopsy
• search for changes in dead patients, correlation
  with clinical symptoms - feed-back
• educational role
• chronic toxicity studies (pharmaceutic industry)
• pathological autopsy is different from anatomic
  autopsy and forensic autopsy
• gross examination, microscopy, special methods
  (cultivation, chemical tests, etc.)

4
Methods used in pathology

• biopsy (surgical pathology)
• 80 of workload
• since 1950!
• microscopical diagnostics, for living patients
• histology, cytology (exfoliative-Pap test
  fluids, fine needle aspiration cytology)

5
Methods used in pathology

• specimens
• fluids (physiological - urine pathological -
  pus, ascites)
• endoscopic samples (gastroscopy, colonoscopy,
  bronchoscopy, etc.)
• tru-cut needle biopsy (liver, kidney, prostate)
• diagnostic excisions (skin, breast, pancreas)
• entire organs (hysterectomy, mastectomy, lung
  resection, colectomy)
• pathological dx golden standard (important for
  treatment) (A. Hailey Final diagnosis)

6
How to handle specimen for histology

• fixation (frozen section)
• clinical information (identification!!!!
  symptoms preliminary diagnosis what do you
  expect from pathologist)

7
History of pathology

• Vesalius
• 1475 - Sixtus IV. - permits to use cadavers in
  teaching of medical students
• 1485 - Clement VII. - the same
• 18th cent. - Jean Baptist Morgagni (1682-1772) -
  700 autopsies - case reports -
  clinico-morphologic correlations - founder of
  modern pathology
• 19th cent. - Karl Rokitanski (Austria) - born
  1804 in Hradec Králové, University of Vienna, 50
  000 of autopsies - only gross examination
• Rudolf Virchow - founder of modern pathology
  (classification of tumors, mitosis, apoptosis,
  causal relationships) - Berlin (Charité)

8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
History of pathology

• our country
• Jesenius 1600, 1605 - two public autopsies
• Prof. Jaroslav Hlava - end of 198th cent. - his
  last pupil was Dr. Antonin Fingerland
  (1900-1999)
• 1928 - Dept. of Pathology in Hradec Králové -
  inspiration Mayo Clinic (clinicopathologic
  conferences, close cooperation, continuous
  education)

11
(No Transcript)
12
Organization of education

• general pathology - main principles
• systemic pathology - diseases and pathologic
  processes in different organ systems
• lectures - www.lfhk.cuni.cz/patanat (Ale Ryka,
  MD, PhD Karel Dedic, MD, PhD)
• practical classes - Karel Dedic, MD, PhD
  (excursion at the Department, autopsy, surgical
  pathology, microscopy)

13
Organization of education

• textbooks
• Basic Pathology (Cumar, Cotran, Robbins)
• Oral Pathology (van der Waal, van der Kwast)
• you MUST know before start of your practical
  classes normal anatomy, normal histology of
  most important organs, basic embryology, normal
  physiology)

14
(No Transcript)
15
Organization of education

• pay close attention to other disciplines!!!
  (pathophysiology, microbiology, biology,
  biochemistry)
• credits - examination of histologic slides
• exam - lectures, practicals, Robbins, van der
  Waal
• 49 583 3748 Dr. Ryka
• 49 583 2287 Dr. Dedic
• 49 583 2611 Mrs. Hejnová (secretary)

16
Good luck !