BreakOut Session

1
Break-Out Session
2
A Roadmap to Sustainable Security for the
U.S.-Mexican Border Region

• Devon Howard

3
Original Authorities

• International Boundary Commission (1889)?
  International Boundary and Water Commission
  (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• US Environmental Protection Agency (1970)
• US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? Integrated Border Environmental
  Plan (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• Border Trade Alliance (1986)
• Ley General del Equilibrio Ecologico y la
  Proteccion al Ambiente (1988/1996)? Secretaria de
  Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? Transboundary
  Environmental Impact Assessments (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? Commission for Environmental
  Cooperation? Joint Public Advisory Committee
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? Good Neighbor
  Environmental Board (1994)
• Consulate General? Border Liaison Mechanism
  (1993)
• Public Law 103-400 (1994)? Border Health
  Commission (2000)
• Memorandum of Understanding Border
  Transportation Planning (1994)
• ? Joint Working Committee
• Integrated Border Enforcement Teams (1996)
• Dept of Interior? Field Coordinating Committee
  (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? Comision Asuntos para la Frontera
  Norte (2001)

4
Original Authority

• IBC (1889) created as the International Boundary
  Commission by the Convention of 1889
• United States and Mexico to administer boundary
  and water-rights treaties, and agreements between
  the two nations.
• How to resolve disputes over changes of course in
  international rivers

5
Original Authority

• IBWC (1944) International Boundary and Water
  Commission of the US and Mexico, created to
  jointly address boundary and water rights.
• Oversight headed by the Engineering Commissioner
  of each nation, appointed by the President of
  each nation.
• Colorado, Rio Grande and Tijuana Rivers et. al

6
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

7
Original Authority

• Presidential Permit (1968) The proper conduct
  of the foreign relations of the United States
  requires that executive permission be obtained
  for the construction and maintenance at the
  borders of the United States of facilities
  connecting the United States with a foreign
  country.
• The Department of State is responsible for
  coordinating compliance with
• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
• Transboundary Environmental Impact Statements
• National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966
• Executive Order 12898 of February 11, 1994

8
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

9
Original Authority

• EPA (1970) The Environmental Protection Agency
  was designed to protect human health and the
  environment, as well as lead the nation's
  environmental science, research, education and
  assessment efforts.
• Works to develop and enforce regulations that
  implement environmental laws enacted by Congress.
  
• Responsible for researching and setting national
  standards for a variety of environmental
  programs.
• Executive Order 13175 Coordination with Indian
  Tribal Governments (2000)

10
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

11
Original Authority

• USMCOC (1973) US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce is a
  bilateral coalition of business people organized
  to promote trade, investment and joint ventures
  on both sides of the border.
• Non-profit corporation operating through 12
  offices in Mexico and the United States.
• Strong local membership and international
  contacts, help businesses bridge differences in
  legal, regulatory and economic systems, as well
  as language and culture. 
• The Seven Principles of Environmental Stewardship
  for the 21st century

12
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

13
Original Authority

• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• CSG (1933) The Council of State Governors serves
  the executive, judicial and legislative branches
  of state government it offers innovative state
  policy responses to rapidly changing conditions
  and advocates multistate problem-solving to
  maximize resources and competitiveness.
• AMC (1959) Arizona-Mexico Commission, through
  their own work and support of the governors
  policy priorities, facilitates cross-border
  trade, business, community networking and
  binational information sharing.
• NMBA New Mexico Border Authority provides
  leadership in the development of the state's
  international ports of entry as well as serving
  as the Governor's advisor and point of contact
  for those interested in opportunities at the
  ports of entry.

14
Original Authority

• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
  contd
• Border Governors Conference (1980) opening lines
  of communication among the 10 U.S. and Mexican
  border states. The organization has enhanced
  joint border efforts addressing the environment,
  economic development, health, social development
  and trade.
• Binational Commission (1981) established in 1981
  by Presidents Reagan and Lopez Portillo to serve
  as a forum for meetings between cabinet-level
  officials from both countries, addressing agendas
  of topics requiring high-level attention

15
Original Authority

• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
  Contd
• BLC (1992) Border Legislative Conference serves
  as a mechanism for on-going dialogue and
  collaboration among state legislators of the ten
  border states. The goal of the project is to
  empower border state legislators to engage in the
  binational agenda and provide input and direction
  in the development of policy between both
  countries.
• EPA Ten State Program (1996) annual meeting of
  the ten Environmental Secretaries of the ten
  US-Mexico border states
• BCC (1998) The United States/Mexico Border
  Counties Coalition addresses the fact that issues
  resulting from the enormous impacts of
  immigration, legal and illegal, along with
  concerns ranging from trade , border security,
  economic development, transportation and
  infrastructure, to public health, environmental
  health, social services and criminal justice have
  disproportionate consequences for counties along
  the international border with Mexico.

16
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

17
Original Authority

• La Paz (1983) Agreement between President Reagan
  of the United States of America and Presidente de
  la Madrid of the United States of Mexico on
  cooperation for the protection and improvement of
  the environment in the border area
• Defined the border region as the area lying 100km
  north and south of the US-Mexico boundary
• Measures to prevent and control pollution in the
  border area, and to provide the framework for
  development of a system of notification for
  emergency situations.

18
Original Authority

• IBEP (1992) Integrated Border Environmental Plan
  for US/MEX border area, formed by EPA and Mexican
  environmental authorities, built on La Paz

19
Original Authority

• Border XXI (1996) Binational effort to work
  cooperatively toward sustainable development
  through protection of human health and the
  environment and proper management of natural
  resources in both countries.
• Build capacity and decentralize environmental
  management in order to augment the participation
  of state and local institutions in implementing
  the Border XXI Program.
• Ensure interagency cooperation to maximize
  available resources

20
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

21
Original Authority

• BTA (1986) The Border Trade Alliance is a
  grassroots, trilateral, non-profit organization
  that serves as a forum for participants to
  address key issues affecting trade and economic
  development in North America.

22
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

23
Original Authority

• LGEEPA- México (1988) Ley General del Equilibrio
  Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente or General
  Law of Ecological Equilibrium (Balance) and
  Environmental Protection The General Law
  enacted in 1988 and amended on Dec 13th 1996.
• Establishes national environmental policy,
  defines jurisdictional distribution and regulates
  most important environmental areas such as
  environmental impact permitting, natural resource
  protection, prevention and control of soil, air
  and water pollution, high-risk industrial
  activity regulation, hazardous waste management,
  community right to know and environmental
  liability.

24
Original Authority

• SEMARNAT- México (2000) Secretaria de Medio
  Ambiente y Recursos Naturales or Secretariat of
  the Environment and Natural Resources created the
  decentralized bodies of
• 1. National Ecological Institute (Instituto
  Nacional de Ecologia- INE)
• 2. National Water Commission (Comision Nacional
  del Agua- CONAGUA)
• 3. Federal Bureau of Environmental Protection
  (Procuraduria Federal de Proteccion al Ambiente-
  PROFEPA)
• 4. National Commision for Natural Protected Areas
  (Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas-
  CONANP)

25
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

26
Original Authority

• Espoo Convention (1991) Convention on
  Environmental Impact Assessment in a
  Transboundary Context which sets out the
  obligations of Parties to assess the
  environmental impact of certain activities at an
  early stage of planning. It also lays down the
  general obligation of States to notify and
  consult each other on all major projects under
  consideration that are likely to have a
  significant adverse environmental impact across
  borders.
• Espoo and TEIA enter into force in 1997

27
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

28
Original Authority

• NAFTA (1993)The North American Free Trade
  Agreement called off the majority of tariffs
  between products traded among the United States,
  Canada and Mexico, and gradually phased out other
  tariffs over a 15-year period.
• The agreement is trilateral in nature in all
  areas except agriculture, tariff reduction
  phase-out periods and protection of selected
  industries, were negotiated bilaterally.
• Provisions regarding worker and environmental
  protection were added later as a result of
  supplemental agreements signed in 1993.

29
Original Authority

• CEC (1993) Commission for Environmental
  Cooperation addresses environmental issues of
  continental concern specifically the
  environmental challenges and opportuntites
  presented by continent wide free trade
• The CEC is rooted from the North American
  Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC)
• Delegated with the responsibility of performing
  TEIAs when appropriate
• The CEC council is comprised of the Canadian
  Environment Minister, Mexican Secretary for
  Envirnment and Natural Resources, the US EPA
  Administrator and the JPAC

30
Original Authority

• JPAC The Joint Public Advisory Committee (JPAC)
  is composed of fifteen members, five from each of
  the three countries (Canada, Mexico and the
  United States), who are appointed by their
  respective governments.
• Members form an independent, volunteer body that
  provides advice and public input to the Council,
  on all matters within the scope of the NAAEC.

31
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

32
Original Authority

• GNEB (1992) Good Neighbor Environmental Board,
  created by the Enterprise for the Americas
  Initiative Act to advise the president and
  congress concerning environmental and
  infrastructure needs within the states contigious
  to Mexico.
• The combined expertise at the table reflects
  perspectives from many U.S. sectors including
  federal, tribal, state, and local government
  non-governmental academic institutions and
  businesses.

33
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

34
Original Authority

• Consul General Border Liaison Mechanism (1993)
  allow for local governments to negotiate agree on
  solution sets, to be later approved by federal
  government
• Joint government mechanism to further the
  bilateral dialogue, discuss issues of mutual
  interest, encourage economic development and
  improve safety and security

35
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

36
Original Authority

• PL 103-400 Border Health Commission(1994)
  Congress authorized the President to conclude an
  agreement with Mexico to establish the United
  States-Mexico Border Health Commission to server
  as an international authority to design,
  coordinate, and fund programs on health, water
  resources, sewage treatment, vector control, and
  air quality along the border.
• The Commission was established to enhance
  existing state and federal border initiatives by
  providing a joint, coordinated, cooperative, and
  comprehensive attack on health problems on both
  sides of the border.

37
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889) ? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

38
Original Authority

• Memorandum of Understanding and Joint Working
  Committee (1994) US/Mexico border transportation
  planning
• Cooperation on land transportation planning and
  the establishment of methods and procedures to
  analyze current and future highway transportation
  infrastructure needs to facilitate efficient safe
  and economical cross-border transportation
  movements
• JWC to include 20 members
• Four representatives from the Dept. of
  Transportation
• One representative from each of the four US
  border states
• One representative from the US delegation to the
  US-MEX Bilateral Committee on Bridges and Border
  Crossings
• Four representatives of the Secretaria de
  Comunicaciones y Transportes
• One representative from the Mexican delegation to
  the MEX-US Bilateral Committee on Bridges and
  Border Crossings
• One representative from each of the six border
  states of Mexico

39
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

40
Original Authority

• IBETS (1996) Integrated Border Enforcement
  Teams, orchestrated to prevent illegal
  immigration and smuggling (while combating the
  threat of terrorism)
• Goal of advancing greater bilateral integration,
  while managing important safety, security and
  public policy interests
• Develop means to validate in advance the majority
  of goods that cross the border as law abiding and
  low risk
• Enhance means of federal agents to target and
  intercept high inbound risk people and goods

41
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

42
Original Authority

• FCC (1994) Border Field Coordinating Committee
  identifies and facilitates opportunities to
  communicate and coordinate at regional, state,
  and field levels between and among 7 U.S.
  Department of the Interior (DOI) bureaus and
  offices and between field and headquarters
  offices on border natural and cultural resource
  issues
• La Paz working group

43
Original Authority

• Letter of Intent (1997) between the Department
  of the Interior (DOI) and SEMARNAP (now SEMARNAT)
  for Joint Work in adjacent Natural Protected
  Areas on the US-Mexico Border
• Special emphasis on the need for binational
  cooperation at the local level
• improve dialogue between federal, state and local
  agencies responsible for strengthening the
  process for voluntary participation by the
  communities and social organizations that are
  interested in protecting the natural riches of
  these zones and in improving the quality of life
  of their residents

44
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

45
Original Authority

• Smart Borders (2001)
• 1) 30-point action plan between the US and Canada
  to enhance the security of our shared border
  while facilitating the legitimate flow of people
  and goods.
• NEXUS
• Four pillars the Secure Flow of People, the
  Secure Flow of Goods, Secure Infrastructure, and
  Information Sharing and Coordination in the
  enforcement of these objectives.
• 2) 22-point agreement between the US and Mexico
  Border Partnership Action Plan came shortly
  after the US-CAN agreement
• SENTRI
• Three pillars Secure Infrastructure, Secure Flow
  of People and Secure Flow of Goods

46
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

47
Original Authority

• Border Czar and CAFN(2001) Comisión para Asuntos
  de la Frontera Norte
• Created by the Fox administration, Ernesto Ruffo
  Appel the first appointed Border Czar
• Focused efforts on improving communication and
  coordination between cabinet secretaries and
  state and local governments working on border
  issues. On the border theres no direct
  communication between the east and west
• Border Region Development Plan 2001-2006
  identified investment needs for border
  infrastructure, social development, environmental
  protection, and institutional capacitation of 187
  billion pesos
• Ernesto Ruffo Appel resigned in December 2003

48
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

49
Original Authority

• USA PATRIOT Act (2001) Uniting and Strengthening
  America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required
  to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism
• Increased the ability of law enforcement agencies
  to search telephone and email communications, as
  well as medical, financial and other records
• Eased restrictions on foreign intelligence
  gathering within the United States
• Enhanced the discretion of law enforcement and
  immigration authorities in detaining and
  deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism.

50
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

51
Original Authority

• Border Region Tribal Nations approximately 25
  native Indian Tribal Nations are living in the
  United States in the border region and there are
  a similar number of Indian Nations living in the
  Mexican part of the border region. Collectively,
  the indigenous population in this region count
  for over forty thousand people and encompass a
  land base of over three million acres
• Yumas East and West Wetlands Project conducted
  in partnership with the Quechan Indian Nation
• Cocopahs efforts to restore the lower Colorado
  River limitrophe by replacing invasive species
  with native species

52
Original Authorities

• IBC (1889)? IBWC (1944)
• Presidential Permit (1968)
• EPA (1970)
• USMCOC (1973)
• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• La Paz (1983)? IBEP (1992)? Border XXI (1996)
• BTA (1986)
• LGEEPA (1988)? SEMARNAT (2000)
• Espoo Convention (1991)? TEIA (1997)
• NAFTA (1993)? CEC? JPAC
• Enterprise for the Americas (1992)? GNEB (1994)
• CG? BLM (1993)
• PL 103-400 (1994)? BHC (2000)
• MOU (1994)? JWC
• IBETS (1996)
• DOI? FCC (1994)? Letter of Intent (1997)
• Smart Borders (2001)
• Border Czar ? CAFN (2001)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

53
Original Authority

• IENGOs International Environmental
  Non-Governmental Organizations
• Defenders of Wildlife (1947) Mexico Program
  tackles a full array of threats in
  biodiversity-rich Mexico. Defenders is recognized
  as a national leader for conservation in Mexico
  and is working to make sure comprehensive
  immigration reform includes protections for
  fragile desert ecosystems and wildlife along our
  border with Mexico.
• The Nature Conservancy (1951) The mission is to
  preserve the plants, animals and natural
  communities that represent the diversity of life
  on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they
  need to survive.
• 1995 adopted Conservation By Design, a
  cutting-edge ecoregional approach for setting
  conservation priorities and taking action.

54
Original Authority

• IENGOs continued
• COLEF (1982) School of the North Border is an
  institution of scientific research and superior
  education, specializing in the study of the
  problematic circumstances in the Mexican-US
  border region
• SCERP (1990) Designed to address environmental
  issues of the U.S.-Mexico border region and to
  initiate a comprehensive analysis of possible
  solutions to acute air, water and hazardous waste
  problems that plague the United States - Mexico
  border region.

55
Original Authorities to Current and Evolving

• IBWC (1944) CPER
• La Paz (1983) BSCA/SERA
• SEMARNAT (2000) Limitrophe
• TEIA (1997) SPP
• NAFTA (1993) Joint CIP/CVTAs
• MOU (1994)? JWC Mitigation Bank
• IBETS (1996) Border 2012
• FCC (1994) ZoDI
• Smart Borders (2001) BMTF
• Patriot Act (2001) BECC/NADBank
• Border Region Tribal Nations Technical Committee
• IENGOs Green Infra/Enviro Acctg Corridor
  s
• JAC

56
Current and Evolving

• IBWC (1944)
• La Paz (1983)
• CPER (1988/1999)
• IBETS (1996)
• IENGOs

57
Current and Evolving

• CPER (1988/1999) Contingency Planning and
  Emergency Response
• Sister City Partnerships build confidence along
  the U.S.-Mexico border by planning to help each
  other when there is an emergency on either side
  of the border.
• Police, fire, paramedics, and other personnel
  from both sides of the border to respond quickly
  to large fires, dangerous chemical spills, or
  other emergencies.
• The plans also address preparedness issues
  including hazard identification pollution
  prevention risk reduction training exercises
  and equipment.

58
Current and Evolving

• FCC (1994)
• TEIA (1997) BSCA (2007)
• IENGOs

59
Current and Evolving

• BCSA (2007) Congressman Raul Grijalva proposed
  the Borderlands Conservation and Security Act
  which would help secure the border and protect
  borderland resources by
• Working together with DHS to assess alternative
  options for the border wall
• Giving land management agencies and local, state,
  and tribal officials a voice in border
  construction and decision-making.
• Requiring compliance with federal, state, and
  local laws meant to protect the air, water,
  wildlife, culture, and health and safety of
  people in Borderland communities.

60
Current and Evolving

• IBWC (1944)
• FCC (1994)
• Limitrophe (2005)
• TEIA (1997)
• BR Tribal Nations

61
Current and Evolving

• Limitrophe (2005) is the segment of the Lower
  Colorado River that serves as the international
  boundary between the U.S. and Mexico
• In December 2006, the BLM issued a draft
  Environmental Impact Statement proposing creation
  of a Limitrophe Coordinated Management Area (CMA)
  for the Bureau of Reclamations 4500 acres along
  the Limitrophe.
• The proposed Limitrophe CMA would protect and
  maintain riparian habitat and marsh vegetation,
  as well as enhance the characteristics of the
  Limitrophe area identified by the Cocopah and
  other tribes as important for traditional uses.
• Win-Win

62
Current and Evolving

• Smart Borders (2001)
• SPP (2005)

63
Current and Evolving

• SPP (2005) Security and Prosperity Partnership
• Promoting Growth, Competitiveness and Quality of
  Life
• To enhance the competitive position of North
  American industries in the global marketplace and
  to provide greater economic opportunity for all
  of our societies, while maintaining high
  standards of health and safety for our people
• Montebello 2007 State of the Border Report
• Objectives
• Trilateral
• Preparedness
• Law enforcement
• Screening

64
Current and Evolving

• La Paz (1983)
• Joint CIP/Common Vulnerability and
  Threat Assessment (2002)
• Smart Borders (2001)

65
Current and Evolving

• Joint CIP (2002) Critical Infrastructure
  Protection is a cooperative, bilateral effort to
  assess and enhance critical cross-border
  resources and infrastructures.
• Co-chaired by DHS and the Mexican Secretariat of
  Governance
• Working groups for Energy, Transportation,
  Telecommunications, Water/Dams, and Public
  Health/Agriculture
• Common Vulnerability and Threat Assessment
  (2002)
• Addresses need to better understand and assess
  the total integrative nature of the
  interdependencies among physical, cyber, and
  organizational critical infrastructure between
  our two nations, in order to counteract the
  impact of a threat
• DoE energy infrastructure across borders

66
Current and Evolving

• La Paz (1983)
• TEIA Joint Mitigation Bank(1995)
• FCC (1994)

67
Current and Evolving

• Joint Mitigation Bank (1995) wetland, stream, or
  other aquatic resource area that has been
  restored, established, enhanced, or preserved for
  the purpose of providing compensation for
  unavoidable impacts to aquatic resources
• May be created when a government agency,
  corporation, nonprofit organization, or other
  entity undertakes these activities under a formal
  agreement with a regulatory agency
• Value of a bank is defined in compensatory
  mitigation credits.
• Can be extra-territorial

68
Current and Evolving

• La Paz (1983)
• Border 2012 (2003)
• SEMARNAT (2000)

69
Current and Evolving

• Border 2012 (2003) ten year program to protect
  the environment and public health in US-Mexico
  border region, consistent with principles of
  sustainable development
• federal/state/tribal/local collaborate to
  produce prioritized and sustained actions
  considering needs of border communities
• result oriented goals
• measured by environmental indicators and
  performance indicators

70
Current and Evolving

• PATRIOT Act (2001)
• ZoDI
• IBETS (1996)

71
Current and Evolving

• ZoDI Zone of Detection and Interdiction
• Goal is use of intel and tech to detect and
  apprehend while in transit from the source zone
• Illegal entries include aliens and drug
  smugglers, potential terrorists, wanted
  criminals, and persons seeking to avoid
  inspection at the designated ports of entry due
  to their undocumented status
• U.S. federal agencies closely coordinate their
  operations with the interdiction forces of a
  number of nations in order to deny criminals the
  use of air, maritime and land routes.

72
Current and Evolving

• DOI
• FCC (1994)
• BMTF (2002)
• PATRIOT Act (2001)

73
Current and Evolving

• BMTF (2002) Borderlands Management Task Force
• Intergovernmental forum with the primary mission
  to address border security, human safety, and
  natural and cultural resource protection through
  shared resources, information, communication,
  problem-solving, standardization, and training
• MoUs with state, tribal and local land managers
• Task forces formed in
• Tucson
• Yuma
• San Diego

74
Current and Evolving

• NAFTA (1993)
• BECC/NADBank (1993)

75
Current and Evolving

• BECC (1993) the Border Environment Cooperation
  Commission provides technical assistance to the
  border communities on environmental matters and
  certifies infrastructure projects related to the
  improvement of potable water systems, sewers and
  wastewater treatment or municipal solid waste
  management on the 100km border strip to the north
  and south of the dividing line
• NADBank (1993) the North American Development
  Bank, created jointly with the BECC, under NAFTA
  with purpose of financing environmental
  infrastructure projects, all NADB projects must
  be certified by the BECC
• as of 2002 BECC and NADB are presided over by a
  single administrative council, and Mexicos
  coverage extends to 300km past border rather than
  just 100km

76
Current and Evolving

• FCC (1994)
• Green Infrastructure/
• Environmental Accounting
• Border Region Tribal Nations

77
Current and Evolving

• Green Infrastructure natural life support system
  an interconnected network of protected land and
  water that supports native species, maintains
  natural ecological processes, sustains air and
  water resources and contributes to the health and
  quality of life for Americas communities and
  people.
• Preserve critical resources within each landscape
  type to provide for future population growth
  while maintaining the natural systems and
  character of the community.
• Maintain important ecological processes that are
  required for long-term sustainability.
• Reclaim lands that have been adversely affected
  by human activity.
• Create connections that will allow for the
  movement of wildlife and provide opportunities
  for people to interact with nature.

78
Current and Evolving
79
Current and Evolving

• Environmental Accounting incorporates both
  economic and environmental information
• Environmentally differentiated accounting
  measures impacts of the natural environment on a
  company in monetary terms.
• Ecological accounting measures the impact a
  company has on the environment, but in physical
  units (e.g. kilograms of waste produced,
  kilojoules of energy consumed) rather than in
  monetary units
• communicates costs from a companys or countrys
  actual or potential impact on the environment.
• costs to clean up or remediate contaminated
  sites, environmental fines, penalties and taxes,
  purchase of pollution prevention technologies and
  waste management costs.

80
Current and Evolving

• NAFTA (1993)
• MOU/JWC (1994) Transit Corridors
• Smart Borders (2001)

81
Current and Evolving

• Transit Corridors
• Binational Transportation Infrastructure Needs
  Assessment Study
• Development of Border Information Flow of
  Architecture
• Bottlenecks Study Phase
• SimFronteras/Border Wizard
• The Border Master Plan
• gather land use, environment, population and
  socio-economic data adequately
• evaluate growth and future capacity needs at the
  border
• evaluate the existing binational transportation
  and POE system, and the infrastructure necessary
  to handle the expected growth

82
Current and Evolving

• La Paz (1983)
• Annex IV JAC (1987)
• APF (2004)

83
Current and Evolving

• JAC (1987) Joint Advisory Committee One Basin
  approach and the Air Policy Forum (2004)
• cross border air quality management in
  transboundary airsheds
• Paso del Norte JAC One Basin Resolution was
  model for other shared airsheds
• reduce PM from diesel and understand impact of
  diesel PM emissions
• ultra-low sulfur diesel availability in border
  region- Mexico to start producing LS diesel
  (PEMEX)
• workshops and training sessions, area specific
  work groups/task force, local level

84

• Important Mechanisms
• Intel Tech
• Normalized Enviro Indicators
• Public Participation
• Sovereignty Bargaining
• CURRENT ULTIMATE
• CPER DHS justify exclusions
• BCSA/SERA and exemptions/BMP
• TEIA for CBP, together
• Joint CIP/VTCAs mitigate
• Mitigation Bank
• Border 2012 CPER/SPP come
• ZoDI together and support
• BMTF /flexibility to migrate
• BECC/NADB
• Tech Committee BECC/NADB expand
• Border Region Tribal Nations work on
  infra/POEs
• Green Infra/Enviro Acctg

85
MODELS International Coordinating Councils

• Intergovernmental Border Relations Authorities
• IE NGOs
• GNEB
• CG BLM
• JAC
• CAFN Border Czar
• BTA
• USMCOC
• Cocopah Limitrophe

86
Simplified Roadmap

• Authorities
• Binational Border
• Current and Evolving Using Mechanisms
  Security Authority
• Frameworks Forming Models and
  Agreement
• Suggested Ultimate Goals

87
Acronym Clarification

• CURRENT AND EVOLVING
• CPER Contingency Planning and Emergency Response
• BCSA Borderlands Conservation and Security Act/
  SERA Security Environmental Responsibility Act
• SPP Security and Prosperity Partnership
• Joint CIP Critical Infrastructure Protection/
  CVTA Common Vulnerability and Threat Assesments
• ZoDI Zone of Detection and Interdiction
• BMTF Borderlands Management Task Force
• BECC Border Environment Cooperation Commission/
  NADBank North American Development Bank
• JAC Joint Advisory Committee
• ULTIMATE
• DHS Department of Homeland Security
• BMP Best Management Practices
• CBP Customs and Border Patrol
• SMS Security Management Systems
• EMS Environmental Management Systems