Change

1
Change

• High Middle Ages
• 1000 - 1500

2
Cause and Effect

• FOR WANT OF A NAIL
• For want of a nail, the shoe was lost
• For want of the shoe, the horse was lost
• For want of the horse, the rider was lost
• For want of the rider, the battle was lost
• For want of the battle, the kingdom was lost,
• And all for the want of a nail .

3
100 Years War

• The Hundred Years War proved to be a turning
  point in the ways of warfare in several ways.
• First, it proved the value of peasant foot
  soldiers over heavily armored and mounted
  knights. Until the battle of Crécy, the French
  knights looked down on foot soldiers as inferior.
  
• The English armies proved that foot soldiers
  could defeat knights in battle, especially
  through the use of the longbow, which was another
  new aspect to warfare.
• Finally, toward the end of the war, the use of
  the cannon changed the face of warfare forever
  and helped the French defeat the English armies
  at long last.

4
Effects of Black Plague

• The Black Death epidemic and the death of so many
  people had severe economic consequences for the
  people of Europe in the Middle Ages.
• Trade declined, and some industries suffered
  greatly.
• A shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in
  the price of labor.
• At the same time, the decline in the number of
  people lowered the demand for food, resulting in
  falling prices.
• Landlords were now paying more for labor while
  their incomes from rents were declining.
• Some peasants who survived the Black Death
  bargained with their lords to pay rent instead of
  owing services.
• In essence, this change freed them from serfdom,
  an institution that had been declining throughout
  the High Middle Ages.

5
New Economics

• Increased barter helped lead to the rise of
  commercial capitalism in the Middle Ages when the
  demand for gold and silver coins arose at fairs
  and trading markets of all kinds.
• Trading fairs had been initially established by
  the counts of the Champagne region of France, in
  order to encourage trade between Italy and
  Flanders.
• Slowly, a money economy began to emerge.
• New trading companies and banking firms were set
  up to manage the exchange and sale of goods.
• All of these new practices were part of the rise
  of commercial capitalism, an economic system in
  which people invested in trade and goods in order
  to make profits.

6
Monasteries

• The monasteries played a central role in the
  cultural renewal of Charlemagnes empire.
• The kings revival of learning and culture led to
  a renewed interest in Latin culture and classical
  works.
• By the 800s, the work asked of Benedictine monks
  included copying manuscripts.
• Monasteries established scriptoria, or writing
  rooms, where monks copied not only the works of
  early Christianity, such as the Bible, but also
  the works of Latin classical authors.
• Their work was a crucial factor in the
  preservation of the ancient legacy.
• Most of the ancient Roman works we have today
  exist because they were copied by Carolingian
  monks.
• As the church became corrupt new religious orders
  appeared
• Dominic de Guzmán believed the best way to attack
  heresy was the formation of a new religious order
  of men who lived lives of poverty and preached
  effectively called the Dominicans

7
100 Years War (1337 1453)The Fight over
Feudalism

• Struggle between France and England
• lasted, with some interruptions, through the
  reigns of five English kings (Edward III to Henry
  V) and five French kings (Philip VI to Charles
  VII)
• Economic control of trade rich Flanders
• Political control of territory in western Europe
• Validity of succession and laws of primogeniture
• Technological issues and the role of knights and
  the feudal system

8
Results 100 Years War

• Intense Nationalistic feeling grew in both
  England and France
• Most of the war was fought on French soil so
  there were great population and property loses
  that weakened France for the next hundred years.
• England lost territory in France but it allowed
  the English kings to centralize their power
  further and concentrate only on the English
  nobles.
• New weapons were introduced which weakened the
  power of the Knights and the castle thus ensuring
  the destruction of the feudal system in both
  England and France.
• The system continued in many of the Eastern
  European region especially Russia but was absent
  in Spain, Portugal, city-states in Italy,
  Prussia, and the Holy Roman Empire.

9
100 Years War

• The Hundred Years War proved to be a turning
  point in the ways of warfare in several ways.
• First, it proved the value of peasant foot
  soldiers over heavily armored and mounted
  knights.
• Until the battle of Crécy, the French knights
  looked down on foot soldiers as inferior.
• The English armies proved that foot soldiers
  could defeat knights in battle, especially
  through the use of the longbow, which was another
  new aspect to warfare.
• Finally, toward the end of the war, the use of
  the cannon changed the face of warfare forever
  and helped the French defeat the English armies
  at long last.
• English lost control of their territory on the
  European continent BUT now could concentrate on
  their political control of the island to include
  Scotland and Wales.

10
Cultural changes

• Architectural styles
• Gothic
• The flying buttress was a massive arched support
  built onto the outside of the church.
• There was no longer a need for heavy, thick walls
  to support the weight of the roof.
• Larger windows could be used and decorated with
  stained glass.
• Romanesque
• Middle Ages

11
War of the Roses
12
Results of the War of the Roses

• The Wars of the Roses broke the feudal power of
  the nobles and effectively marked the end of the
  Middle Ages in England
• Many of the ruling nobles had been slain during
  the wars, and their estates were confiscated by
  the Crown
• Lawlessness had torn England since the beginning
  of the Hundred Years' War. It grew even worse
  during the Wars of the Roses
• "few would venture alone into the country by day
  and fewer still into the towns by night."
• People longed for a strong government that would
  bring peace and prosperity
• Henry VII seized the opportunity to reestablish
  the royal power and to launch policies that
  marked the beginning of modern England

13
Pilgrimages

• When Mansa Musa converted to Islam, he decided to
  make a pilgrimage to Makkah.
• As a king, however, he brought with him thousands
  of servants and soldiers, and a huge amount of
  gold. Everywhere he went, Mansa Musa lavished
  gold gifts on his hosts and made hundreds of
  purchases with gold.
• By putting so much gold into circulation in such
  a short time, he caused the value of gold to
  fall. Mansa Musas pilgrimage left people with an
  image of him as a great ruler of a powerful and
  prosperous kingdom.
• When he returned to Mali, he brought with him
  Islamic teachers and architects.
• He strongly encouraged the building of mosques
  and a palace, as well as the study of the Quran,
  in his kingdom.

14
How Islam spread

• After the Muslim conquest of northern India,
  Muslim merchantseither Arabs or Indian
  convertshad settled in the port cities in the
  region and had begun to convert the local
  population.
• Around 1400, an Islamic state began to form in
  Melaka, a small town on the western coast of the
  Malay Peninsula.
• Melaka soon became the major trading port in the
  region and a chief rival to Majapahit.
• Up until that time, Majapahit was the greatest
  empire the region had ever seen. From Melaka,
  Muslim traders and the Muslim faith moved into
  the interior. Eventually, almost the entire
  population of the region was converted to Islam
  and became part of the Sultanate of Melaka.

15
Islam dominated throughout Indus River Valley

• Buddhism was weakened in India by a split into
  the Mahayana and Theravada schools of thought.
• The collapse of the Gupta Empire caused disunity
  and created a division among many states that
  constantly battled each other, thus making it
  possible for the invading Muslim armies to gain
  control of the region. Mahmud of Ghazni extended
  the rule of the Muslim state of Ghazni throughout
  the Indus Valley and as far south as the Indian
  Ocean.
• The Rajputs, or Hindu warriors, whose military
  tactics were based on infantry and the use of
  elephants, were no match for the Arab armies.

16
East Asia

• Chinese philosophies contribute to a shift in
  society and politics
• Neo-Confucianism teaches that the world is real,
  not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes from
  participation in the world and not from
  withdrawal.
• Humans are the link between the material and
  spiritual world.
• Buddhism