Animal structure and function

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Animal structure and function tissues interdepe
ndent organ systems homeostasis animal
metabolism Why do animals need food? How do
animals eat and process food?
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Metabolic rate- sum of all energy-requiring activ
ities over unit time heat generating activities
Endotherms maintain high internal
temperature through high metabolic
activity Ectotherms do not- do not require as
much energy, but are not capable of as
much activity
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Metabolic rate per gram is inversely related to
body size Smaller animals have higher metabolic
rates, breathing rates, heart rates Not clear
why Basal rates can be adjusted in response
to activity levels
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Energy requirements vary among animals Size,
behavior, size, requirements for
homeostasis Endotherms require more (per body
weight) than ectotherms Small animals require
more than large animals (see p. 847)
particularly for temperature regulation
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Regulation of storage and release of food
molecules
(in humans)
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Why do animals need food? Fuel Carbon skeletons
(building blocks) Essential nutrients (that the
animal cannot make for itself) essentialness
varies among species Essential amino acids
which of the 20 amino acids must be obtained
form food?
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Some fatty acids are essential too
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See pp. 854-855 for complete list
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Sources of vitamins and minerals?
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What happens to the excess? Calories (starvation
gene hypothesis) Vitamins Minerals Salts
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How do animals obtain food? herbivores carnivore
s omnivores Suspension feeders (strain food
from water) Substrate feeders (live on their food
source) Fluid feeders (liquid diet) Bulk feeders
(tear it off)
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What is eating? Ingestion Digestion Absorption El
imination How does digestion take
place? animals have different types of
digestive systems depending on their diets
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Intracellular digestion
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Extracellular digestion
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Complete digestive systems
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Secretion of enzymes into the duodenum
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Secretion of enzymes is controlled
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Sensation of food?gastric juice
?gastrin ? reduced pH
? production of chyme
? secretion by SI of secretin, CCK, other
hormones Food absorbed by small intestine Water
by large intestine Intestinal flora play
characteristic roles
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Adaptations to diet Teeth (dentition) Structure
of digestive system Herbivores need longer
digestive tracts to digest and absorb plant
material (and water)
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Symbiosis in action!