Bone Tissue

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Bone Tissue

• Dynamic Tissue, full of cells, blessed are you
  among tissues and blessed is the fruit of thy
  marrow, red blood cells

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Objectives

• Name tissues and organs of skeletal system
• State its functions
• Classify four types of bone by shape
• Describe general features of long bone
• List cells, fibers, and ground substances

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The skeletal system, whats up with that?

• Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make it up
• Functions include
• Support hold us up
• Protection for soft, weak organs
• Movement leverage for muscles
• Blood formation also cells of immune system
• Electrolyte balance Calcium Phosphate stores
• Acid/Base balance absorbing/releasing alkaline
  salts
• Detoxification takes up heavy metals

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What do you need electrolytes for?

• Definition Any of various ions, such as sodium,
  potassium, or chloride, required by cells to
  regulate the electric charge and flow of water
  molecules across the cell membrane.
• Calcium Activates your muscles
• Phosphates are needed for ATP

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• Kayan Women of S.East Asia. supress their collar
  bones by adding rings giving them the longest
  necks.

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Bones classified by shape

• Long bones, include humerus of arm, phalanges,
  femur.
• Rigid levers for muscles to act on

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Short Bonesdude he said bones

• Equal in length and width
• Limited in motion
• Carpals in wrist
• Tarsals in ankle

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Flat bones

• Protect soft organs
• Examples include the ribs, sternum, scapula, os
  coxae (hip bone), and cranial

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Irregular bones

• Irregular
• Fit no preconcieved categories
• Rebels, maverics
• Include vertebrae, and bones in the skulll

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Parts of the long boneThis will aid you on
Fridays lab

• Cylinder of dense white tissue enclosing
  medullary cavity (contains marrow)
• At the ends spongy (cancellous bone)
• Shaft daphysis
• Heads epiphysis
• Joints covered with articular cartilage
• Nutrient foramina small holes to let in blood
  vessels
• Peristoneum external sheath, helps attach bones
  and muscle
• Endosperm internal lining of bone

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Cells

• Osteogenic cells in endosteum, AKA stem cells
• Osteoblasts make the bone matrix, mineralize the
  bone. Non-mitotic.
• Osteocytes former Osteoblasts that have gotten
  trapped in the matrix. They reside in lacunae.
  Communicate where more bone is needed.

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The matrix

• 1/3 organic collagens
• 2/3 inorganic hyrdoxyapatite, calcium carbonate,
  and trace elements
• The mineral component gives support, the organic
  protein gives flexibility

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Osteoporosis

• Matrix is reabosrbing
• Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium
• Matrix is forming bone
• Using up calcium
• Osteoblasts do it.
• Lack of estrogen leads to more resorbtion and
  less formation
• Thats Osteoporosis

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Compact Bone

• Transverse slices show concentric lamellae
  layers of matrix arranged around Haversian canals
• This is the basic structural unit of bone

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Bone Marrow

• Soft Tissue in the medullary cavity spaces in
  spongy bone
• Red hemopoietic makes red blood cells, looks
  like blood, but thicker
• Yellow this is what middle aged people have
  instead of red bone marrow, doesnt produce
  blood, but it can revert to red bone marrow.
  Adults only have red marrow in certain spots
• Gelatinous found in old age yellow has turned
  to reddish jelly.

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Bone Growth and Remodeling

• The wily bone, it changes throughout life to
  accommodate our selfish, selfish, needs.
• Tension leads to individual spines and ridges
• Those who do heavy manual labor have denser bones
• See the strength of this man in his face

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Growth Mechanisms

• Interstitial growth adding more matrix
  internally
• Appositional growth add more matrix to the
  surface. It starts with osteogenic cells which
  develop into osteocytes. This is the only way
  adult bone can grow.
• Why is bone growth so complicated?
• interstitial bone growth impossible (too rigid)
  so all bone growth must occur on surfaces
• appositional growth OK for width, but not for
  length (because of articular cartilage)
• interstitial growth essential for length, so this
  must be cartilaginous to start with
• then, need to create free surfaces within growing
  cartilage for bone deposition
• so, chondrocytes hypertrophy to create cavities,
  then secrete calcified (stiffened) cartilage to
  prevent cavities collapsing when cells die
• bone can then be deposited on free internal
  surfaces, as the temporary calcified cartilage is
  removed

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Healing Fractures
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Types of Fractures
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Bad Breaks

• Broken femur

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Broken Collar Bone
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Fractured Skull
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Chapter 8 the chapter of skeletons that you will
be tested on, determining the future of those of
you not yet accepted to prestigious colleges.
Have fun at McDonalds. Thank you for serving my
freedom fries.

• Cranial bones correspond to lobes of brain
• Parietal bone
• Occipital bone
• Frontal bone
• Temporal bone
• Note sutures where bones have fused together

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Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
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Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome

• one of the most complicated joints in the body.
• Moves in many directions
• During chewing, it sustains an enormous amount of
  pressure.
• contains a piece of special cartilage called a
  disk that keeps the skull and the lower jawbone
  from rubbing against each other.
• Problems from strain, abnormal chewing, or
  arthritis can lead to acute pain
• Treatment depends on severity. For mild cases
  analgesics, heat therapy, massage

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Cleft pallet

• split in the roof of the mouth resulting in a
  passageway into the nose.
• can be corrected with surgery.
• likelihood of cleft lip and cleft palate can be
  reduced if a woman takes folic acid before
  pregnancy and through the 1st trimester of
  pregnancy.
• Warning disturbing image of cleft pallet babies
  to follow

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Cleft Pallet

• In the past, it was also known as a hare lip and
  was more conspicuous even with surgery
• In some cases speech impediments remain

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Vertebral Column

• Cervical area around neck
• Thoracic vertebrae noted for spinous process
• Lumbar lower back
• Sacrum at the back of the pelvis

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• Thoracic vertebrae attach to the ribs
• Sacrum once thought to be the seat of the soul
• Originally 5 bones in infants it fuses around age
  16 and is one bone by age 26

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Upper Limbs

• Humerus
• hemispherical head that attaches to the shoulder
  in a ball and socket joint
• Radius and ulna articulated by the other end

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Radius vs. UlnaDeath match

• Ulna is longer
• Radius has the large styloid process and a
  rounder head
• Warning gruesome vile bloody images to follow

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So many people break these bones.
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Metacarpals

• Bones of the palm
• Look like extensions of the fingers, so they seem
  much longer than they really are.
• Phalanges are the actual finger bone

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Femur

• Attaches to the ox coxae (hip) at the spherical
  head
• Attaches to the patella, fibia and tibia at the
  other

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Bones of the lower leg

• Tibia thicker, stronger, weight bearing
• Fibula slender, stabilizes the ankle, bears no
  weight.
• Can be removed at times to replace other lost
  bone.
• Warning horrible, disgusting, Sweet mother of
  mercy why? images to follow

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The photograph below shows long jumper, Llewellyn
Starks, who suffered a compound fracture to his
right tibia and fibula when attempting a jump at
the 1992 New York games. The bone can be clearly
seen protruding through Stark's leg.
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Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy U.S.S. EnterpriseDoing
science Fighting Romulans
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BONESAW productions