Chapter 9

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Chapter 9 10Notes B

• Late Middle Ages
• 1300-1500 CE

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Will the Real Pope Please Stand Up?

• Pope Gregory XI moved to Rome in 1377 and died.
• 1378 Pope Urban VI, an Italian was elected as a
  compromise to the angry Roman mob and Italian
  people.
• Urban VI was a HOT HEAD!!
• He tried to move things along to harshly.
• French Cardinals slipped out of Rome and went to
  Avignon where they elected another Pope

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2 Popes Urban VI in Rome and French Pope in
Avignon

• People had to decide for themselves who they were
  loyal to. Who was the real pope?
• The decision often cam down as a territorial
  choice. Location, Location, Location
• England, Scandinavia, and Northern France- Roman
  Pope
• Rest of France, Spain, and Southern Italy-
  Avignon Pope
• Germany and Northern Italy- Divided Loyalties

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2 Popes for 30 Years! The Great Papal Schism

• At one point some cardinals from each camp tried
  to solve the problem by electing yet another
  pope.
• Neither the French nor the Roman popes would
  resign so then there were 3 POPES!
• This situation was unbearable!!
• Finally a Holy Roman Emperor called a general
  church council to settle the matter.

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2 Popes for 30 Years! The Great Papal Schism
Continued

• A Roman, Martin V, became the one and only pope,
  ending the schism in 1417.
• The office of Pope had been terribly weakened
  by all this in-fighting.
• The bishops began a movement called Conciliarism
  to rival the absolute power and authority of the
  pope, but their movement was not successful!

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National Monarchical Power

• Ferdinand Isabella-united Spain and crushed all
  opposition with the start of the Spanish
  Inquisition.
• They were just plain evil toward Jews and
  Muslims.
• The Popes were powerless to stop the cruelty.

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Renaissance Popes- Late 1400s

• Renaissance means Rebirth and what was being
  reborn was the ancient literature, artwork, and
  science of the Greeks and Romans.
• Popes of the late 1400s commissioned great
  artists to paint churches and to begin the world
  renounce Vatican Library.
• Michelangelo, Botticelli- were among the greatest
  of those employed by the Popes.

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Some Popes lead Double Lives

• They began the movement that would become known
  as humanism of later centuries.
• Exaggerated humanism places too much emphasis on
  the importance of human accomplishment and
  pleasure.
• Rather than seeking gospel values, some popes
  indulged their human passions.

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The 10 Renaissance Popes

• Most of them got into office through bribery and
  some had children who were then given high
  positions in the church.
• Alexander VI the most notorious of these popes
  had 6 children before buying the papacy and
  making his children church leaders.

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Politics- 1400

• The Turks were tearing apart the Byzantine
  empire. Breaking off piece by piece until only
  Constantinople remained.
• The Patriarch of Constantinople needed military
  help from the West to negotiate a deal he signed
  a statement that at least on paper re-united the
  East with the West and promised loyalty to the
  Bishop of Rome.

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East-West Split

• Could not be mended that easily. The Byzantine
  common folk and clergy still bitterly hated the
  Western Crusaders for what they had done to them
  in looting their churches and abusing their
  women.
• Nevertheless, the pope called for another Crusade
  to fight the Turks.
• The Turks proved too much for the crusaders who
  lost decisive battles near the Black Sea.
• Constantinople was left wide open for the Turks
  to take over.

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1453 Turks Conquered Constantinople

• After more than a 100 years of Roman
  civilization, The 2nd Rome fell.
• The Turks named the city Istanbul.
• The Byzantine bishops escaped to Russia.
• Ivan the great considered Moscow to be the 3rd
  Rome.
• Turkish Sultan appointed a new patriarch to
  govern the Greek church and allowed Christians to
  have a measure of religious freedom.

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Byzantine Catholics

• Those who remained loyal to the Pope were now the
  Greek Catholics.
• The other Christians who escaped to Russia
  remained separate as the Russian Orthodox Church.

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The Renaissance

• Our book likens the invention of the
  micro-processor chip to the invention of the
  Printing Press both of these inventions had a
  profound effect on all of society after them.
• Johannes Gutenberg's invention used block
  characters molded from lead could be arranged in
  a base to spell out words. The base was dipped
  into ink and then lowered onto paper by a press
  that resembled the press used for making wine and
  paper.

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The Renaissance continued

• A long pain-staking process of casting each page
  resulted in the worlds first book The Bible-
  1456.
• Within a few years the printing press became an
  industry literacy was increasing as people had
  more access to the printed word.

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Bibles First Books

• Bibles were the first books to be produced, so
  now more people could own a copy. This would lead
  to more people reading the bible and stressing
  their own interpretations of the Bible.
• The Protestant Reformation would raise the Bible
  to an unprecedented level of authority.

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Knowledge Empowered the People

• Books were used as proof
• If you thought the Pope was wrong about something
  you could find proof in your own private copy
  of the Bible.
• Different interpretation of the Bible lead to
  many disputes over the theology of salvation and
  redemption.

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Faith Worship

• People prayed in the cathedrals
• Public prayer was at Noon and 6 PM
• The church bells would ring to call people to the
  cathedral for prayer
• Most people walked to church on Sundays
• People celebrated Feast days and Holy days as big
  civic events

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1215 REAL PRESENCE

• The dogma of the Real Presence of Christ in the
  Eucharist was promulgated
• Greek philosophy was used to help explain the
  dogma of Real Presence
• Transubstantiation the bread and the wine
  change into the Body and Blood of Christ and
  remain Christ as long as the form of bread and
  wine remain intact.

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Effects of Real Presence

• People went into churches right at the moment of
  consecration so they could see the magic
  moment.
• The Holy Gaze became more important to people
  than actually receiving the Eucharist.
• Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament became a
  common way to pray.

• Priests started receiving money to say private
  masses.
• Cathedrals had many smaller chapels in them where
  simultaneous masses were being said.
• Altars to various saints in our churches today is
  reminiscent of the devotional life of the
  Renaissance Christians.

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Devotions

• When Mass was in Latin, people were reading
  missals in their own languages to fill their
  spiritual hunger.
• Blessed Mary, Mother of God, was highly honored
  with Feast Days and celebrations.
• Relics were popular bones, dried blood,
  clothing, and personal items that belonged to
  long dead saints of the church.

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1400s 1500s Relics Debate

• Devotion to relics was out of hand.
• It was a superstitious hobby of many to collect
  as many relics as possible.
• People would rather have the spiritual (magical?)
  protection of a saint than to practice holiness
  themselves.
• Who could say that a relic was authentic?

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Indulgences Meritorious Actions

• Doing good deeds earned merit points with God. If
  you didnt need the points for your self, you
  could sell them to someone else in need. The
  receipt of your transaction was called an
  INDULGENCE. If you had enough merit points you
  could go straight to heaven without spending any
  time in PURGATORY, where it was believed sinners
  paid for the consequences of their sins.
• Unscrupulous men threatened people with fiery
  images of people suffering in purgatory to
  increase sales of indulgences.

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The Renaissance Was Not All Bad

• There was a lot of Bible reading and prayer
• Meditation was being practiced in pockets of
  Europe
• Great spiritual works were written. For example,
  Thomas a Kempis, The Imitation of Christ,
  1380-1471.
• Grassroots spirituality sprung-up and there was a
  lot of spiritual revival among the faithful.
• Cathedral schools were paving the way for the
  scientific discoveries that would forever change

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CHAPTER 10 VIPs

• Thomas A Kempis
• John Wycliffe
• John Hus
• Friar Savonarola
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Martin Luther
• Cardinal Cajetan
• John Tetzel

• John Eck
• Charles V
• John Calvin
• Knox
• Zwingli
• Anabaptists
• Henry VIII
• Sir Thomas More

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Thomas A' Kempis

• 1380-1471
• Wrote a book called the Imitation of Christ
• Spiritual reading lead to grasp roots revival

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John Wycliffe

• 1375
• Zealous priest
• Attacked unworthy priest and demanded that all
  church possessions to be sold
• Discredited any dogma that used words that were
  not used in the Bible.
• There were no other textbooks besides the Bible.

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John Hus

• 1415
• Young Czech
• Agreed with Wycliffe but encouraged people to
  drink and eat the bread and wine of Christ.
• Presented this idea to the council and was burnt
  at the stake.

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Friar Savonarola

• Dominican reformer
• Got people to rally against the Medici family
• The Pope sided with the Medici and Savonarola
  accused the Pope of simony and was burned at the
  stake. And died in 1497.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

• Sponsored Columbus in his voyage to try to find a
  way to India going West but finds South America
  instead.
• Supported Franciscan Friars and Jesuits.
• Urged them to spread their religions in the New
  Worlds.

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Martin Luther Slide 1 of 2

• Augustinian Priest and a Monk
• 1483 to 1546
• His main problem in the church is the selling of
  Indulgences, or buying Gods grace the sin of
  simony.
• A Powder Keg is lit by a very small flame or
  spark.
• Objects what John Tetzel is doing and creates a
  95 points thesis and posts it to the cathedrals
  doors.
• He doesnt intend to have them put in the
  Newspaper.

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Martin Luther Slide 2 of 2

• German Mob uses these 95 points to separate the
  German Church into two separate churches.
• Mob is a huge problem in the relationship between
  Martin Luther and the German Archbishop.
• The Mob puts Martin Luther in charge of their new
  revolution (The Protestant Reformation).
• On his death bed he says he never intended to
  split the Church and that he was still a Catholic.

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Cardinal Cajetan

• The Pope sends him to try and bargain with Martin
  Luther on his 95 points.
• Polemic- attacking the politics of another person.

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John Tetzel

• Most famous Friar.
• He was an Indulgences Salesman
• Hired by a German Archbishop to get money from
  the people by selling indulgences.
• The Archbishop needed the money because he owed
  the German Mob money.
• The Archbishop and Johnny T want to get rid of
  Martin Luther, so they seek a way to
  excommunicate him.

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John Eck

• Corners Luther with a question to try and get him
  to say something heretical.
• Luther took the bait and said something heretical
  in front of everyone.
• Therefore John Eck, John Tetzel, and The
  Archbishop now have evidence upon which to
  excommunicate Luther.

36
King Charles V

• Emperor of Germany writes a letter called the
  Diet of Worms and sends it to Martin Luther.
• Charles V in this letter bans Luther from Germany
  FOREVER!!
• Fredrick (German Prince and friend of Luther)
  kidnaps him and hides him in Germany.

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John Calvin

• Gets a hold of Luthers letters and comes up with
  two new concepts
• Predestination - God controls and determines
  everything
• Theocracy- Church leaders should be in control of
  the civil government.
• Geneva - place where Calvin sets up his version
  of Lutheranism.
• Leaves Geneva and goes to France and starts an
  even more INTOLERIANT form of Lutheranism that
  gets the name Calvinism.

38
John Knox

• Takes Calvinism to Scotland and forms Knox
  Presbyterianism.

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Zwingli

• Took modern Presbyterianism to Switzerland.

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Anabaptist

• Amish, Mennonites, and the PA Dutch.
• Conservative Christians
• Not much room for the use of technology.
• Prefer an agrarian society.
• More outgoing to other people

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Henry VIII Sir Thomas More

• Henry 8th is the King of England
• He will form the Anglican Church of England
• Sir Thomas More is his chancellor, who like
  Becket at the time of Henry 2nd, will choose the
  Honor of God over honor of the king.
• In fact, Henry 8th will have Thomas More beheaded
  and he will order the destruction of the tomb of
  Thomas Becket to prevent Catholics from
  venerating his remains!

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Henry VIII

• Married to Catherine.
• Catherine was Henrys Brothers wife. Or simply
  his sister-in-law.
• She is the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
  which were the King and Queen of Spain.
• In Rome Clement VII is the Pope. Henry VIII wants
  him to authorize a divorce, but Clement refuses.

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Henry VIII (side notes)

• Very large man and probably died because of heart
  failure. Always trying to get a male in his
  family because he needed to pass the throne on to
  someone.
• The only son he had died at age 15. So when he
  dies he has to pass the throne onto one of his
  daughters. First one to take it was Bloody Mary
  and then Queen Elizabeth (Virgin Queen)

44
Henry VIII

• Henry tries to get his nobles to sign a letter
  denying the Church and to have the nobles call
  Henry the head of the Church of England.
• His number one man or main man was Thomas More,
  but More refuses to sign the oath.

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Sir Thomas More

• Very wealthy because he is the chancellor of
  England.
• He reason for refusal by telling Henry that his
  conscious is higher than his loyalty to the
  king.
• Henry has him imprisoned and later beheaded.
• Mores family dies VERY poor. His family did not
  support More the supported King Henry VIII.

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Council of Trent

• 1517- Luther wrote 95 Thesis, but 1545 is when
  the CHURCH responded.
• The church acted too slowly and took too long.
• The nature of this council is polemic. The
  division between Catholic and Protestant was
  already set in stone.

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Purpose of The Council of Trent

• 1. Bring Protestants and Catholics back together.
• The Protestants refused to attend.
• Trent lasted from 1545 to 1563, therefore it also
  took too long to make a decision.
• 2. Clearly state Catholic Doctrine.
• It was successful at stating Catholic teachings.
• But, condemned everyone who disobeyed.

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Dogmas of Trent

• 1. Christian faith is based on the Bible and
  Tradition.
• 2. Church has the final word on what the Bible
  says.
• 3. Salvation comes from both faith and works.
• 4. There are 7 and ONLY 7 Sacraments.
• 5. Real Presence is confirmed.
• 6. The Mass is a real sacrifice.
• 7. Mass will remain to be spoke in Latin.

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Disciplines of Trent

• 1. Bishops must live in their diocese.
• 2. Celibacy is required.
• 3. Indulgences MAY NOT be sold.
• 4. The Bishop is in charge of the education of
  the faithful.
• 5. The Catechism is published.
• 6. The Index of Forbidden Books is published.
• 7. Divine Office is required for Religious and
  Clergy.

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1563-1960

• Trents teachings were in place for 400 years!
• This is way many older Catholics thought that
  this is the way it has always been.

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Results of Trent

• Positive
• 1. Ended Indulgence.
• 2. Religious orders called back to prayer.
• 3. Celibacy prevented illegitimate children.
• 4. Canon Law became very exact, if not outright
  legalistic.

• Negative
• 1. Failed reunite the church.
• 2. Sponsored the Spanish Inquisition, which was
  VERY cruel to ALL non-Catholics.

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Conclusions to Chapter 10

• 1. There is a need for dialogue in the Church.
• 2. Though guided by the Holy Spirit the Church
  remains imperfect.
• 3. Nationalism and Polemics further separate
  people. Often the Church is behind in Political
  Developments.
• 4. The Church chose standardization and
  intolerance as its solution to anyone who
  disagreed with her or the Church.