Lipids

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Lipids
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Definition

• Lipids are macromolecules that are insoluble in
  water and soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
  such as chloroform or acetone.

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Chloroform and Acetone
Chloroform
www.uni-saarland.de/.../ struktur/chlorof.html
www.aw-bc.com/mathews/
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Types of Lipids

• Fatty Acids
• Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)
• Phospholipids (Phosphoacyglycerols)
• Sphingolipids
• Glycolipids
• Steroids
• Lipid Soluble Vitamins

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Fatty Acids are amphiphilic meaning that

• they have a polar/hydrophilic head

• and a nonpolar tail.

Hydrocarbons
Example Butyric acid
www.biology.lsu.edu/.../ OrganicMolecules.html
www.krysstal.com/ organic.html
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Fatty Acids that occur in organisms usually
contain an even number of carbon atoms.

• Examples
• Lauric Acid 12 carbons CH3(CH2)10CO2H
• Myristic Acid 14 CH3(Ch2)12CO2H
• Palmitic Acid 16 CH3 (Ch2)14CO2H
• Stearic Acid 18 CH3 (Ch2)16CO2H
• Arachidic Acid 20 CH3 (Ch2)18CO2H

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Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and
are saturated with hydrogen.Unsaturated Fatty
Acids have double bonds.
www.agen.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect_02/3_16.g
if
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Cis and Trans Fatty Acids
http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
ages/C/cis_trans.gif
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Cis vs-Trans Shapes
http//www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/sabedon/047ci
s.gif
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Cis and Trans Retinal
http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
ages/V/Vision.html
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What exactly are trans fats and why are they bad
for you?

• Trans fats are not usually naturally occuring.
• They are created by adding hydrogen and pressure
  to vegetable oil to produce products like crisco.
  history
• Trans Fats increase LDL cholesterol levels
  thereby increasing the risk of clogged arteries.
• -Atherosclerosis

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HDL and LDL Cholesterol

• LDLs are low density lipoprotein.
• They tend to stick to the inner arteries.
• HDLs are high density lipoprotein.
• They tend to travel to the liver to be processed
  and broken down. HDLs can also carry LDLs.

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Atherosclerosis of the Arteries
http//www.stress-and-health.com/assets/images/img
SAHcardio-Atherosclerosis.jpg
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Severely Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery
http//medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CV016.jpg
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Lipoproteins

http//www.icb.ufmg.br/pat/imagem/esquema/hdl.jpg
http//wichita.kumc.edu/edtech/images/hdl_web.jpg
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HDL and LDL
What is the difference?
http//academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/p
age/ldl.gif
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What is worse saturated fat or trans unsaturated
fat?

• Saturated fats build up LDLs.
• Trans unsaturated fat build up LDLs and reduce
  HDLs.
• They are both bad but trans unsaturated fats are
  worse.

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Foods Containing Saturated Fats

• meats
• cheeses
• butter
• egg yolks
• palm oil
• coconut oil
• baked goodscookies, pastries, crackers

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Foods Containing UnsaturatedTrans Fats

• margarine
• shortening
• fried food
• pastries
• chips
• crackers
• cereal

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Foods Containing Unsaturated Cis Fats

• fish
• flax seed oil
• canola oil
• safflower oil
• sunflower oil
• nuts
• avocados

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Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids?
http//lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/othernuts/om
ega3fa/omega36.jpg
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Try to eat omega 3 and omega 6 because they

• can not be synthesized by the body.
• most likely protect against
• heart disease
• arthritis (and other autoimmune disorders)
• diabetes
• hypertension
• depression