DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
??. ??. ???? ???????? ?????????????????????
????????????????? ??.
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Respiratory System

• Upper respiratory system
• Nose, nasopharynx ??? oropharynx
• ???????? branchial apparatus
• Lower respiratory system
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi ??? alveolar apparatus
  (duct, sac ??? alveoli)
• ???????? laryngotracheal groove

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Development of Respiratory System

• ???? laryngotracheal groove ??? primitive
  pharyngeal floor
• Tracheoesophageal folds ???-???? ??????????
  tracheoesophageal septum
• ??? laryngotracheal groove ?????? primitive
  foregut (??????????? esophagus)

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Development of Respiratory System

• Laryngotracheal groove
• ????????????? laryngotracheal tube ????
  laryngotracheal diverticulum ??????????????????
• Laryngotracheal tube gt larynx, trachea,
  bronchi, bronchioles ??? lungs

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Derivatives of Laryngotracheal Tube

• Endoderm gt epithelium ??? glands ??? larynx,
  trachea, bronchi ??? alveoli
• Splanchnic mesoderm ????????? ? gt connective
  tissue, cartilage ??? smooth muscle

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Development of Larynx

• Mesenchyme ??? 4th ??? 6th branchial arches
  ????? cranial end of laryngotracheal tube
  ???????? arytenoid swellings
• gt primitive glottis (T-shaped opening)
• Endoderm
• gt proliferation gt obliteration
• gt recanalization

gt laryngeal ventricle, vocal
vestibular folds
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Development of Larynx

• Incomplete recanalization gt Laryngeal web
• gt Partial obstruction

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Development of Trachea

• Endoderm (??? laryngotracheal tube ???????
  ??????????? developing larynx) gt epithelium
• Splanchnic mesenchyme ?????????? gt cartilages,
  connective tissue muscle
• Incomplete division gt tracheoesophageal fistula
  ????????? ???????????? ?
• Unequal partition gt tracheal stenosis

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Abnormality of Trachea
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Development of Bronchi and Lungs

• Caudal end ??? laryngotracheal tube ??????? lung
  bud
• Lung bud gt Primary bronchus gt secondary bronchi
  gt tertiary (segmental) bronchi
• ???????? tertiary bronchus ?????????? 17 ?????
  ??? 7 ????? ???????? gt respiratory bronchiols

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Relationship Between Bronchi and Lungs

• Primary bronchi vs right left lungs
• Secondary bronchi vs lobes
• Tertiorry bronchi vs bronchopulmonary
  
• segments

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Stages of Lung Development

• 1. Pseudoglandular period
• ?????????????????? (gland)
• ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ???????

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Stages of Lung Development

• 2. Canalicular period
• Lumen ??? bronchi ??? bronchioles ?????????
• ???????????????????????
• ??????? respiratory bronchioles ??? terminal sacs
  (primitive alveoli) ????

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Stages of Lung Development

• 3. Terminal sac period
• Terminal sacs ?????????
• ??????? sac ????????? type I alveolar cells
• ??????????????? (type II alveolar cells) ?????
  surfact (?? surface tension ??? air-alveolar
  interface)
• ?????????????????????????????????????

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Stages of Lung Development

• 4. Alveolar period
• ?????????? type I alveolar cells ???????
• ????????????????????? terminal sac
  (alveolo-capillary membrane)
• Respiratory bronchioles ??? primitive alveoli
  ????????? gt mature alveoli ???
  ?????????????????

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Fluid Fills in the Lungs

• Aspiration of amniotic fluid ?????????????????????
  ???? ? ?????? gt ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ?????????????????????? ?????? still born infant
  ?? firm ????????

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Fluid Fills in the Lungs

• ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????-???? ???????????????????
• ????????? pulmonary capillaries
• ????????????? lymphatic, pulmonary arteries ???
  pulmonary veins

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Development of Pleural Cavity

• Septum transversum ???? embryonic coelom
• Thoracic part primitive pericardial cavity
• Abdominal part peritoneal cavity
• Pleuropericardial folds ???? primitive
  pericardial cavity
• Definitive pericardial cavity
• Pleural cavity

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Development of Pleura

• Splanchnic mesenchyme gt visceral pleura
• Somatic mesoderm ??? thoracic body wall gt
  parietal pleura

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Development of Diaphragm

• 1. Septum transversum gt central tendon
• 2. Pleuroperitoneal membranes ???
  pericardioperitoneal canals gt muscular portion
  
• 3. Mesenchymal cells ???????????? gt periphery
• 4. Esophageal mesenchyme gt crurae

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