Devolution

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EVOLVING PARADIGMS OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Orphics and Stoics

• Franchising the Royal Venatic Prerogative

Artemis (Dianna)
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• Trace the history of environmental thought and
  policy from ancient times
• Explore the basis of the NA system of wildlife
  policy
• How will policy evolve in a changing world?

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North American Wildlife Policy

• public ownership
• equal access
• market bans

(Geist)
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Gingerich (1985)

• "The oldest tension in human perception is that
  between the world as we see it and the world as
  we think it should be ... This tension indicates
  , on the one hand, that there is more to life
  than meets the eye, and on the other, that the
  mind is wonderfully creative, often even
  deceptive"

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Malthusian Paradigm
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Populations and Resources
1918
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Tertullian (200 AD)

• "Everything has been visited, everything known,
  everything exploited. Now pleasant estates
  obliterate the famous wilderness areas of the
  past. Plowed fields have suppressed the forests.
  Domesticated animals have dispersed wildlife.
  Beaches are plowed, mountains smoothed and swamps
  drained. There are as many cities as, in former
  years, there were dwellings. Everywhere there
  are buildings, everywhere people, everywhere
  life."

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Tertullian (200 AD) contd

• We weight heavily upon the world its resources
  hardly suffice to support us. As our needs grow
  larger, so do our protests that already nature
  does not sustain us. In truth, plague, famine,
  wars and earthquakes must be regarded as
  blessings to civilization as they prune away the
  luxuriant growth of the human race.

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Lucretius (95-55 BC)

• "She herself earth produced sweet fruits and
  fertile pastures, which now can scarce grow
  anything, for all our toil. And we exhaust our
  oxen and our farmer' strength, we wear out
  plowshares in the fields that barely feed us, so
  much do they begrudge their fruits and increase
  our labor. .. The gloomy grower of the old and
  withered vines sadly curses the times he lives
  in, and wearies heaven, not realizing that all is
  gradually decaying, nearing the end, worn out by
  the long span of years."

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Columella (65 AD)

• "For it is a sin to suppose that Nature, endowed
  with perennial fertility by the creator of the
  universe, is affected with barrenness as though
  with some disease ... has grown old in mortal
  fashion."

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Ancient World (750 BC-375 AD)

• Religious tradition
• Orphic tradition
• Stoic tradition
• Activist tradition

Posidonius
Zeno
Ovid
Columella
Juvenal
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Middle Ages (AD 375-1492)

• Religious tradition (3rd-5th C)
• Adversarial tradition (6-10th C)
• Collaborative tradition
• Contemplative tradition

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Recent (1492-present)

• Preservation Conservation
• Deep ecology Wise use

Linnaeus - Systems Naturae
Darwin - Origin of Species
22 April 1970
Marsh - Man Nature
Carson - Silent Spring
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Policy Instruments

• Sanctuaries
• Sanctions (moral and legal)
• Education
• Incentives

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Sanctuaries

• Ancient World
• Sacred groves (temene, templa)
• Imperial reserves (paradise)
• Private reserves (theriotrophia, leporia,
  vivaria)
• Middle Ages
• Imperial forests (fera statio)
• Private reserves (chase, park, warren)

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Sanctions Moral

• duty
• resource
• inheritance

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Sanctions Legal

• res nullius (res publicae, res communis)
• access (unlimited priviledged vs limited equal)
• game markets/weapons
• penalties

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Education

• Threats coercion
• Appeals
• Sensibility
• Conscience
• Reason
• Self-interest

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Incentives

• Compensation
• Rewards
• Franchising
• Devolution

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Gaius (Roman Law)

• For wild beasts, birds and fishes as soon as
  they are captured become, by natural law, the
  property of the captor, but only as long as they
  continue in his power... Their natural liberty is
  deemed to be recovered when they have escaped
  from his sight, or, though they continue in his
  sight, when they are difficult to recapture.

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Gaius (Roman Law)

• For those wild animals which are in the habit of
  leaving and returning, such as pigeons, bees and
  deer, which habitually visit the forests and
  return ... only the cessation of the intention
  of returning is the termination of ownership

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Wildlife Administration

• 800-1200 - Forest Laws
• 1218/25 - Forest Charter
• 1603 - Reassertion of Prerogative
• 1671/1722 - English Game Act
• 1731 - Black Acts
• 1831 - Democratization

"God created man, giving him power over fish,
fowl and all wild animals. Therefore, we have
the commandment from God that no man shall lose
his health or life on account of these things."
-Charta di Foresti (1225)
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Wildlife Policy in America

• Politicized
• Urbanized
• Propagandized
• Standardized
• Compromised

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Moral Persuasion or Incentives?

• What's expedient, or what's right?
• World as it is, or world as it should be?

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Study questions

• Describe implementation of the 4 principal policy
  instruments.
• What is wrong and right about North American
  Wildlife policy?