4' Motivation Theory : Content Theories

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4. Motivation Theory Content Theories

• Perilaku Organisasi
• Fakultas Ekonomi
• Universitas Padjadjaran
• Bandung

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Tujuan Pengajaran

• Pengertian dan Model Motivasi
• Teori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow
• Teori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg
• Teori kebutuhan McClelland
• Alderfers ERG theory

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? Motivation

• Determinant of job performance

Willingness to perform
Job performance
Opportunity to perform
Capacity to perform
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Three distinct components

• Level
• amount of effort of person put forth
• Direction
• what the person chooses when presented with a
  number of possible alternatives
• Persistence
• how long a person stick with a given action

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The starting point Individu

• The diversity results in different behavioral
  patterns that are some manner related to needs
  and goals.
• Needs deficiencies an individual experiences at
  a particular time.
• Goals/outcome that employee seeks are viewed as
  forces that attract the person.

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Definition and Motivation Model
Definition
The willing to exert high levels of effort toward
organization goals, conditioned by effort to
satisfy some individual need
Source Stephen P. Robbins
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The Motivational Process An Initial Model
I Need deficiencies I want to perform well to
earn the promotion.
VI Need deficiencies reassessed by the
employee I still want the promotion. Ive got to
try another approach.
II Search for ways satisfy needs I need to show
the manager that I want the promotion work on
tough assignments, work extra hours, help
co-worker.
The Employee
V Rewards of punishments Received recognition
award granted the opportunity to attend training
program.
III Goal directed behavior The Promotion.
IV Performance (evaluation of goal
accomplished) Highest ratings on quantity,
quality and cost containment.
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Managerial Perspectiveof content and process
theories of motivation

• Content factors within the person that energize,
  direct, sustain, and stop behavior. These
  factors can only be inferred.
• Process describes, explains, and analysed how
  behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and
  stopped.

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Motivation ModelContent Theory

• Maslow hierarchy needs theory
• Frederick Herzberg Two factors theory
• McClelland Needs theory
• Alderfers ERG theory

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Maslow Hierarchy Needs Theory
That peoples needs depend on what they already
have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs isnt a
motivator. Human needs, organized in a hierarchy
of importance, are physiological, safety,
belongingness, esteem, and self actualization
Source Gibson
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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Self actualization Esteem Social /
Belongingness Safety Physiological
Source Stephen P. Robbins
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FREDERICK HERZBERG TWO FACTORS THEORY
View that job satisfaction results from the
presence of intrinsic motivators and that job
dissatisfaction stems from not having extrinsic
factors
Source Gibson
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Traditional and Herzberg Views of
Satisfaction-Dissatifaction
I. Traditional
High job satisfaction
High job dissatisfaction
II. Herzbergs two-factor view
High job satisfaction (motivator)
Low job satisfaction
High job dissatisfaction (hygiene)
Low job dissatisfaction
Source Gibson
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McClelland NEEDS THEORY
Learned Needs Theory
Theory that proposes that a person with a strong
need will be motivated to use appropriate
behaviors to satisfy the need. A persons needs
are learned from the culture of a society
Thematis Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test that uses a persons analysis of
picture to evaluate such individual differences
as need for achivement, need for power, and need
for affiliation
Source Gibson
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The theory focus on three needs
1. Need for achievement
The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a
set of standards, to strive to succeed
2. Need for power
The need to make others behave in a way that they
wouldnt have behaved otherwise
3. Need for affiliation
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationships
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Alderfers ERG theory
Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that
categorized needs as existence, related-ness and
growth
Existence needs satisfied by such as food, air,
water, pay and working conditions
Related-ness needs satisfied by meaningful
social and interpersonal relationship
Growth needs satisfied by an individual making
creative or productive contributions
Source Gibson
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ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration,
Importance and Satisfaction of Needs
Source Gibson
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A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of
Motivation
Maslow (need hierarchy) Self-actualization Estee
m Belongingness, social and love Physiological

• Herzberg
• (two factor theory)
• The work itself
• - Responsibility
• Advancement
• Growth
• Achievement
• Recognition
• Quality of interpersonal relations among peers,
  with supervisor, with subordinates
• Job security
• Working conditions
• Salary

Alderfer Growth Relatedness Existence

Mc Clelland Need for achievement Need
for power Need for affiliation
Higher order needs
Motivators
Hygiens conditions
Basic needs