Principles of Matter and Energy

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Principles of Matter and Energy
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Outline

• I What is Matter III Types of Bonds
• A. Elements A. Ionic
• B. Compounds B. Covalent
• II Atoms IV Chemical Reactions
• A. Components
• B. Ions
• C. Isotopes
• D. Energy

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What is Matter?

• Matter
• Unit of matter is the atom
• Matter consists of elements which are combined to
  form molecules and compounds

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Elements

• Exs H hydrogen, O oxygen, He helium, Ca
  calcium, Au gold

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Compounds

• Molecule

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Components of Atoms

• Atom

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Components of Atoms

• Made up of three types of particles
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

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Ions

• Usually protons electrons
• Atom has no net charge neutral
• Ion
• Cation
• Anion

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Isotopes

• Atoms of the same element that differ in atomic
  mass
• Examples

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Isotopes

• Radioactive isotopes nucleus decays
  spontaneously releasing high-energy
  electromagnetic radiation, subatomic particles,
  or both

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Isotopes

• Half-life
• Example Tritium (3H) decays into 3He with a
  half-life of 12.5 years
• Some isotopes have very short half-lives (e.g.
  iodine) while others are extremely long (e.g.
  plutonium, a waste product of nuclear power
  reactions, has a half-life of 24,000 years.

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Isotopes

• By determining ratios of the different isotopes
  of carbon and other elements in samples of
  biological origin and in rocks, scientists are
  able to determine with certainty when these
  materials formed.
• Half-life cannot be changed by temperature,
  pressure, chemical reactions, or any other
  environmental factor.
• Another use of isotopes is in medicine-tracking
  physiological processes. E.g. isotope of iodine
  used to check for thyroid problems

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Energy Within the Atom
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Chemical Bonding

• Chemical Bond

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Ionic Bonds

• Example

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Covalent Bonds

• Electronegativity

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Non-polar Covalent Bonds

• Examples

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Polar Covalent Bonds

• Examples

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Hydrogen Bonds

• Example

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Molecular Shape and Function

• Examples

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Chemical Reactions