Angiosperm origins and relationships of major lineages

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Angiosperm origins and relationships of major
lineages
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Vessels and tracheids
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Companion cells
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Pollen
columellae
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Carpel and integuments
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Fertilisation
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Development of Fruits
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Cycads
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Conifers
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Ginkgos
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Gnetaceae
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Bennettitales
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Archaefructus
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The oldest angiosperm
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Early lineages (i)
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Early lineages (ii)
Chloranthaceae Piperaceae
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Earliest Angiosperms

• Perennial
• Evergreen
• Woody
• Vascular bundles in a ring,
• Vessel-less wood
• Alternate, simple, coriaceous leaves with entire
  or sparsely-toothed margins
• Lacking stipules
• Lacking ethereal oils

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Earliest Flowers

• Insect-pollinated
• Radially symmetrical
• Several - many tepals, spirally-arranged, free
  and distinct
• Bisexual
• Stamens poorly differentiated into anther and
  filament
• Anthers with four microsporangia opening by
  longitudinal slits
• Superior ovaries
• Pollen monosulcate and often lacking
  well-developed columellae
• Carpels fused by secretion, with an elongated
  stigma and a style poorly differentiated from
  ovary.
• Placentation marginal

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• Dicotyledons
• Embryo with 2 cotyledons
• Primary root persistent
• Herbs, shrubs or trees
• Stele cylindrical
• Pollen tricolpate

• Monocotyledons
• Embryo with 1 cotyledon
• Primary root replaced by adventitious roots
• Mostly herbs
• Vascular bundles scattered
• Pollen monocolpate

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Monocolpate and Tricolpate
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Anomalous Dicots

• Flowers in 3s or with numerous parts
• Poorly differentiated anthers
• Poorly developed styles and elongate stigmas
• Pollen monocolpate or inaperturate
• Ethereal oils in vegetative parts

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Magnoliaceae
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Lauraceae
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Piperaceae
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Nymphaceae
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A summary of the major groups that occurred in
greater than 50 of the 1000 jackknife replicates
(from Soltis et al. 2000).
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• ANITA
• Amborellaceae
• Nymphaceae
• Illiciaceae
• Trimeniaceae
• Austrobaileyaceae

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• MAGNOLIIDS
• Chloranthaceae
• Magnoliaceae
• Annonaceae
• Myristicaceae
• Lauraceae
• Piperaceae
• Aristolochiaceae
• Ceratophyllaceae

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Amborellaceae
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Amborella trichopoda
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Amborella trichopoda

• Shrubby
• Lacks vessels
• No ethereal oils
• Radial flowers with 7-11 tepals
• Dioecious
• Ascidiate carpels

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Nymphaceae Victoria amazonica
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Nymphaceae
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Austrobaileyales llliciaceae
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Austrobaileyales Trimeniaceae
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Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyaceae
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Chloranthaceae
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Piperaceae
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Aristolochiaceae
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Lauraceae
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Magnoliaceae
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Annonaceae
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Myrtisticaceae
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Ceratophyllaceae
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Monocot autapomorphies

• Embryo with 1 cotyledon
• Vascular bundles scattered
• Primary root replaced by adventitious roots
• Leaves with parallel venation and sheathing bases
  
• Herbaceous habit
• DNA sequences

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Eudicot autapomorphies

• Tricolpate pollen
• Sequences from rbcL, atpB, 18S rDNA
• Floral parts in whorls
• Slender filaments

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Core Eudicots autapomorphies

• Sequences from rbcL, atpB, 18S
• 4- or 5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla
• Placentation usually axile

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Eurosids autapomorphies

• Sequences from rbcL, atpB, matK, 18S
• Nitrogen fixers in clade of Fabales, Rosales,
  Cucurbitales and Fagales

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Asterids autapomorphies

• Sequences from rbcL, atpB, matK, ndhF 18S
• Ovules with a single integument

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Core Asterids autapomorphies

• Sympetalous corolla
• Number of petals number of stamens
• Epipetalous stamens
• Gynoecium of 2 fused carpels
• DNA sequences