Major Moons

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IN THE NAME OF
ALLAH
AND
THE MOST MERCIFUL
THE MOST BENEFICIAL
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GROPUP09
MAJOR MOONS OF
JUPITER SATURN
RBIYA
GROUP LEADER
RAFIA
PRESENTER
ATIQA
MEMBER
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CONTEXT

• HISTORY 04
• ORIGIN OF MOONS06
• INTRODUCTION TO JUPITER10
• MAJOR MOONS11
• INTRODUCTION TO SATURN52
• MAJOR MOONS54
• REFERENCES88
• CONCLUSION91

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HISTORY

• Jupiter has 4 major moons
• These 4 (IO,EUROPA,GANYMEDE CALLISTO) large
  Jovian moons were discovered by GALILEO in 1610
• Saturn has 6 major moons
• ENCELADUS in 1789 by WILLIAM HERSCHEL

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HISTORY

• TETHYS DIONE In 1684 by GIOVANNI
• TITAN In 1655 by CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
• RHEA In 1672 by CASSINI

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ORIGIN

• Many of the moons of the planets formed through
  accretion but on a small scale
• Once the nebular gas began to accrete onto the
  large Jovian protoplanets, condition similar to
  the miniature solar nebula

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ORIGIN

• with condensation accretion continuing to
  occur
• Some of the smaller moons may have been chipped
  off their parent planets during collision with
  asteroids
• Or may be they captured asteroids themselves

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ORIGIN
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JUPITER
MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER
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JUPITER

• 5th planet in the solar system
• The massive largest one
• Name originated from GREEK word JOVE-name after
  their god
• Uniquely it represent the model of our own solar
  system with the moons symboling the planets

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JUPITER'S MOONS

• Q HOW MANY MOONS DOES JUPITER HAVE?
• ANS A LARGE NUMBER
• 63!
• Divided into 4 groups
• Galilean moons largest groups of planet-Jupiter
  moons
• Inner most moons mostly small in size, with
  elliptical orbits
• 3rd group orbit with retrograded sense

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JUPITER'S MOONS

• Outer most moons just very small in size
• 
  

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GALILEAN MOONS

• They are four in number named as
• GANYMEDE
• CALLISTO
• IO
• EUROPA

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COMPARATIVE DISTANCES
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COMPARISION
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GANYMEDE-largest moon

• Largest of the JOVIANS
• moons 5260km in
• the diameter
• Density of 1.93g/cm3
• shows that it is at
• least 50 water ice composition

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GANYMEDE-largest moon

• Average reflectivity of 50
• A silicate rich core with mantle of liquid water
• No existence of atmosphere

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ICY CRATERED SURFACE

• There are two distinctly different types of
  TERRAIN
• Dark terrain
• Bright terrain
• Water ice is the dominant component of the crust
• No large scale mountains landforms

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ICY CRATERED SURFACE
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TERRAIN
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• DARK TERRAIN
• Polygonal in shape separated each other by
  brighter terrain

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• May have a reasonable amount of DUST and ROCKY
  debris
• Highly cratered surface suggested that this
  part is relatively OLD must be dated back to
  METEORIC bombardment age that ended up 4biillion
  years ago

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• BRIGHTER TERRAIN
• May be made up of PURE water
• They are mostly LOW cratered area suggested its
  age up to just 3.5 billion years

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TERRAIN
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CALLISTO

• It has no atmosphere to speak of
• Diameter of 4900km
• Highest noonday temperature is of -110C highest
  of the GALILEAN moons
• Has a very darkest surface due to low
  reflectivity of just 20

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CALLISTO
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DENSITY

• Never volcanically active
• Has the lowest density of
• all the other GALILEAN
• moons 1.79g/cm3
• Relatively small amount of heavier radioactive
  elements

REASON
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FROZEN FORM

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IO

• Bright-orange colored sphere with, white
  irregular splotches
• Polar regions are relatively darker

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IO

• Absolutely no impact craters
• UNIQUNESS nothing similar had been found in the
  solar systemTHAT ISa large number of
  odd-looking sinkholes like depression scattered
  over the surface

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WHAT ARE THEY?

• They are the vents of the volcanoes
• At least 8 are currently active
• Eruptions take place on continual basis
• Last for few months to years
• Named after GREEK gods of FIRE
• IO is the only world in the universe besides
  Earth known to have active volcanoes

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• Umbrella-shaped
• plume
• Gigantic fan
• shaped in the
• vacuum
• Produced by the
• eruption of gases
• and materials from
• the volcanoes

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• Mostly colored patterns includes yellow, red,
  orange and brown
• Its surface is mostly covered with this volcanic
  material
• Emitted gases are the SO2 And H2S(hydrogen
  sulfide)- by the help of REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM

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MOUNTAINS

• There exist mountain ranges
• INTERESTINGLY up to 10km in height
• HERE QUESTION ARISES FROM WHERE THEY
  ORIGINATED?
• The TECTONIC FRUCTURING FORCES as similar in
  case of Earth

Q
ANS
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TEMPREATURE

• Average day time temperature is -145C
• Although as hot as 300C near volcanoes
• Average night time temperature is
• -190C

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VOLCANOES
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ATMOSPHERE

• Not founded water any where in surface, interior
  and not even on the atmosphere
• It has a thin layer of atmosphere
• Most probably the active volcanoes that releases
  the SO2 forms the atmosphere
• And pressure is quiet small just about
• 110-7 atmospheric pressure

REASON
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EUROPA

• Light brown surface with white patches
• Move in the circular orbit of 670,900km in radius
  
• No impact craters

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EUROPA

• Absolutely no
• atmosphere
• Max. day time
• temperature is-180C
• Reflectivity of 70
• as it a bright world

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EUROPA

• Slightly smaller density
• of about 3.03g/cm3
• No signs of volcanism
• either current or in the past
• - different from the IO
• Mostly the surface is smooth

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WATER BODY

• UNIQUENESS the only world in the solar system
  besides Earth that has WATER!
• Density of Europa is consistent with up to 20 of
  water
• Exist as ICE in the interior mostly
• And the rest of it is made up of metals
  silicate

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ICY FLOW
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ABSENCE OF CRATERS

• There are only few signs of craters
• (only 3 probable craters of 18-25km apart)
• It means that the present icy structure formed
  long after the era of METEORIC bombardment came
  to an end

REASON
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CRATER IMPACT
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FORMATION OF FROST

• Water exposed to the
• space rapidly evaporates
• forming a thin layer
• of atmosphere of
• WATER VAPOUR

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FORMATION OF FROST

• Exceedingly cold temperature outside
• condenses the it into solid ICE
• This falls back to the surface ,covering the
  entire EUROPA landscape with a layer of fine
  FROST

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ICE RAFTS
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POSSIBILITY OF LIFE

• Theoretical calculations of the current thermal
  state of EUROPA have an interesting
  possibility LIFE

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POSSIBILITY OF LIFE

• Result suggested that some LUIQUID WATER may be
  still present in the interior - hidden deep
  underneath the icy crust
• Its mantel actually warm enough to support the
  LIFE
• We r goin to start our INVASION of
  SATURN !!!!!!!!!!!

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SATURN
MAJOR MOONS OF SATURN
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SATURN

• Saturn was the outermost planet known to ancient
  astronomy
• It is the 6th planet of solar system
• Its mass is 5.61029g
• Its density is 0.7g/cm3

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• The atmosphere of Saturn consists of molecular
  Hydrogen ,Helium ,Methane and Ammonia.

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MOONS OF SATURN

• Saturn has 67! moons out of which 5 largest are
• Titan
• Rhea
• Dione
• Tethys
• Enceladus

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TITAN

• Titan is the 2nd largest moon of solar system and
  1st of Saturn
• We call it as a hazy titan
• A thick uniform haze layer similar to
  photochemical smog seen above our cities found
  here

REASON
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• Titan probably contains a rocky core surrounded
  by a thick mantle of water ice.

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HAZY TITAN
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COLOR OF TITAN

• Titan is very glowing
• Throughout its day-to-day its color is changes
  from Blue to Green and Green to Red
• As a result a beautiful glowing orange color is
  appears.

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COLOUR OF TITAN
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ATMOSPHERE

• Titans atmosphere is thick and denser
• It is made up of mostly N2, Ar, a few percent of
  CH4 in addition to ethane and propane, CO and
  other compounds
• Its atmosphere undergoing a series of chemical
  reactions powered by
• sun light

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INFRARED REFLECTIVITY
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• It also have liquid lakes, clouds and
  mountainslakes of METHANE and ETHANENot
  of water!!!

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INTRESTING FEATURE

• If a person wants to fly
• then
• Titans atmosphere is best !
• A person can fly just with
• man made wings WOW!

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RHEA

• It is the 9th largest moon of solar system and
  2nd of Saturn.
• Its surface consists of 25 rocks and 75 water
  ice
• It is known as WISPY RHEA
• Due to the tectonic activity

REASON
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• It has craters but these are flatter than our
  moon.

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MAIN FEATURE

• It is the only moon who have rings around it
• Its faint rings contain dust particles and debris.

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RINGED REHA
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DIONE

• It is the 4th moon of the Saturn
• It has huge fractures on hemisphere which made
  Forward and Trailing side
• These are quiet different from each other.

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• It has craters.

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FORWARD HEMISPHERE

• Forwarded hemisphere is dark
• It is covered with dens population of craters
• It has large craters having diameter of 62miles
  or 99km.

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TRAILING HEMISPHERE

• Consists of a complex network of bright wispy
  marking superimposed over a darker surface
• With numerous craters
• It has small craters as compare to forward
  hemisphere with diameter of 19miles or 30km.

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DIONE

• TRAILING HEMISPHERE FORWARD HEMISPHERE

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THEORY

• Scientists believed that in earlier it is tidally
  locked
• Meteoric impact took place preferably on the
  forward facing side
• A large impact could change its current
  orientation

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DIONE
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TETHYS

• It is the 5th important moon of Saturn
• It is 248km in diameter
• A huge impact of crater that covers 2/5 of the
  surface of it has been found

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• It has heavy and light craters in shape of belt
  across the moon.

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• It is highly reflective object in the solar
  system known due to its VISUAL WAVELENGTH
• It has an average density of just 1.2g/cm3
• Probably have rocky material mixed with the ice

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AMAZING FEATURE

• It has a large Canyon (Ithaca Chasma) which runs
  about 1242 miles long
• That means Canyon runs across 2/3 of the moon
• These cracks are due to the shrinking and cooling
  of the surface layers

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CANYON
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ENCELADUS

• It is the 6th important moon of Saturn
• It has a plum of liquid water and chemicals
• Its temperature is -210 degree Celsius

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PLUM OF LIQUAD WATER
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As it reflects 100 sunlight that it receives.
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TIGER STRIPES

• Near south pole there are V and Y shaped
  ridges and valleys which are called TIGER
  STRIPES
• There are two theories about these stripes

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THEORIES

• It is migrating towards Saturn which increasing
  its rotation due to which rotation axis is
  flatten
• This flattering causes near the surface of poles
  to push outward and buckle forming ridges

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• Warm material rose from the interior of the
  surface leading to a polar terrain from its
  current area to a new region
• It would then adjust to match the new polar
  orientation which causes surface tension and
  ridges formed

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ARTISTIC VIEW
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CRATERS ON SATURN MOONS
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REFERENCES

• Astronomy today,McMillan,5th edition,2005,pp-358
• The space-age solar system, Joseph F. Baugher,
  Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois John
  Wiley Sons, pp-221-251
• Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn Uranus,
  International Astronomical Union Circulates, 2nd
  week of May

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REFERENCES

• Solar system bodies JPL/NASA, 2nd week of May
• Origin of Europa Galilean satellites,
  University of Arizona,2nd week of May
• Jupiters known satellites Department of
  Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institute of
  Science, 2nd week of May

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REFERENCES

• Article by Institute of Astronomy University of
  Hawaii, Scott Steppard David Jewitt, 2nd week
  of May
• Moons and Planets, William K. Hartmann,5th
  edition THOMSON BROOKS/COLE

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CONCLUSION

• Despite of the modern technology, still man is
  unable to know the UNIVERSE as these MOONS!
  This shows the limitation of the MANKIND! Even
  though he considered HIMSELF
• SUPERIOR
• Although HE Is NOT!!!!

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THANK YOU
SO LONG