The Cell, Central Dogma and Human Genome Project

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The Cell, Central Dogma and Human Genome Project
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A Eukaryotic Cell (there is nucleus)
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Central Dogma
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Transcription and translation
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Fundamentals of Nucleic Acids
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DNA Base Pair Double Helix
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Strands come in pairs. Alternating
sugar-phosphate backbone A,T,G,C variability in
the side groups Nucleotide bonds are hydrogren
bonds 3' ATTAGCCCAT 5' 5' TAATCGGGTA 3 the
string "attagcccat" is bonded to its complement
"atgggctaat".
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From DNA to protein, Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
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From Gene Code to Amino Acid Codon Table
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(No Transcript)
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• Protein Molecular Structure
• a) Protein is a polymer of amino acids.
• 20 Amino Acids ( Functional Groups)
• Peptide Bond Formation
  
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Human genome project (1990 - 2003) Goal to
determine the complete sequence of the 3 billion
DNA subunits (bases), identify all human genes,
and make them accessible for further biological
study. Ref http//www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources
/Human_Genome/home.shtml
http//www.ddj.com/184410424 (How Perl
saved the Human Genome project?) Major Database
and Data collection methods Genbank
(www.ncbi.nih.gov) DNA sequence shortgun gene
sequencing (molecular biology
computation) Protein sequence ORF finder,
theoretical translation,
Experimental Proteolysis Mass
spectrometry Protein structure db
(www.pdb.org) x-ray crystallography, Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance(NMR) spectroscopy Protein
structure modeling http//swissmodel.expasy.org//
SWISS-MODEL.html Genomewide expression data
(RNA) Gene chip (microarray technology)
special gene chips microRNA
chip
SNP chip Protein-protein
interaction (Proteomics) 2D gel, mass
spectrometry
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Primary Biological information databases
NCBI (Natl Center Biotech Information) - GenBank
http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ EBI (European
Bioinformatics Institute) - EMBL
http//www.ebi.ac.uk/ NIAS, Japan (National
Institute of Agrobiological systems) http//www.dn
a.affrc.go.jp/ (genebank, DNA and proteins) KEGG
http//www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html (pathways
database) ExPASy - SwissProt and TrEMBL
http//www.expasy.org/sprot Database of
annotated proteins http//swissmodel.expasy.org//S
WISS-MODEL.html Database for predicting protein
structure using homology modeling Prosite
http//kr.expasy.org/prosite Database of protein
active sites Structure Databases PDB (Protein
Data Bank) http//www. pdb.org/ Data base of
Protein tertiary structures SCOP
http//scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop CATH
http//www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath
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http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Tools and Tutorial
BLAST, Structure, PubMed, OMIM, Taxbrowser
http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/ (Information
Engineering) http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Education
/
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Significance of the Genomics Revolution data
driven biology functional genomics
comparative genomics systems biology
molecular medicine identification of genetic
components of various maladies
diagnosis/prognosis from sequence/expression
gene therapy pharmacogenomics developing
highly targeted drugs predicting adverse
effects or efficacy on individual basis
toxicogenomics elucidating which genes are
affected by various chemicals