STUDY OF SOIL EROSION, SEDIMENTATION AND ASSOCIATED PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION

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STUDY OF SOIL EROSION, SEDIMENTATION AND
ASSOCIATED PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION Manzoor
Ahmad Choudhry Head Radioisotope Hydrology
Group Radiation and Isotope Application
Division Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science
Technology P. O. Nilore, Islamabad,
Pakistan Phone [phone] Fax 92
51-9290275 Email manzoor_at_pinstech.org.pk
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Map of Pakistan and Drainage System
Total Population 130 M (agribusiness 60) Total
area 79.61 M.ha. Cultivated
23.0 M.ha. (25 rain-fed) Climate
arid and semiarid Annual Rainfall 100 to
2000 mm (Extreme
floods in monsoon) Temperature Below
freezing to 52oC ?
soil erosion is the most severe
problem in rain-fed areas
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AREA AFFECTED BY WATER EROSION PROVINCE DEG.
OF EROSION PUNJAB SINDH NWFP BALO.
N.A. PAKISTAN (Thousand Hectares) Slight
(Sheet rill) 61.2 156.3 180.5
398.0 Moderate(Sheet rill) 896.8
853.8 1805.0 25.8
3581.4 Severe(Rill, gully /or 588.1
58.9 1765.1 829.6 504.2
3745.9 streambank) Very severe(gully, 357.9
1517.0 1571.6 3446.5 pipe
pinnacle) Total 1904.0 58.9
4292.2 2634.6 2282.1 11171.8
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AREA AFFECTED BY WATER EROSION
PROVINCE DEG. OF EROSION PUNJAB SINDH
NWFP BALO. PAKISTAN
(Thousand Hectares) Slight 2251.4 295.0
13.1 36.0 2595.5 Moderate
279.1 70.2 3.8 143.6
496.7 Severe to Very 1274.0 273.8
19.6 100.9 1668.3 Severe Total 380
4.5 639.0 36.5 280.5 4760.5
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• POTHWAR AREA
• Total Area 18 .6 M.Acres (Cultivated 7.9
  M.Acre, Livestock Ranges 9.9 M. Acre and 0.8
  million acre is forest)
• Undulating topography
• Mostly loess parent material
• Rainfall 375 to 1750 mm (Concentrated in
  monsoon)
• Rainfall in Study Area 850 mm
• Highly susceptible to water erosion
• Types of erosion sheet, rill, gully and bank
  erosion.
• slight to moderate sheet and rill
  erosion
• of cultivated land is most
  common.
• Small Dams 43
• Mini dams 550 (10 Acres )
• Ponds gt 1000 (7.5 Acres)

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GENERAL PROBLEMS ? Aggravated productivity
decline due to soil erosion Soil loss (3.0
- 4.5 t/ha/yr from cultivared fields) ? Siltation
of conveyance systems and reservoirs ?
Environmental pollution (water pollution sue to
agrochemicals
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• OBJECTIVES
• General objectives
• To develop technical know-how and establish
  facilities for application of nuclear techniques
  measuring soil erosion and sedimentation,
• To promote of these techniques in the end-user
  departments and to popularize soil and
  agro-chemical management practices suitable for
  rain-fed areas among the farmers through
  extension department.
• The specific objectives
• To assess soil erosion and redistribution rates
  in the fields
• To investigate soil fertility degradation under
  differently eroded fields.
• To evaluate different soil and crop management
  practices for erosion control
• To investigate pesticides residue, transport and
  relationship with soil loss.
• To promote and popularize the application of
  nuclear techniques for measuring soil erosion and
  sedimentation.

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Partner Institutes

• Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and
  Technology,
• Radiation and Isotope Application Division
  (RIAD),
• P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
• National Agricultural Research Center (NARC),
• Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC),
• Islamabad, Pakistan.
• Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
  (NIAB),
• Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

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• FACILITIES
• Field infrastructure
• Flumes for measurement of surface runoff
• Field staff for collection of samples
• Facilities for 137Cs
• High Purity Germanium Detection System with
  complete
• gamma library for low level counting
  (EURISYS
• MEASURES, France) Rel. eff. 52, Res. 2
  keV.
• Two High Purity Germanium Detection System in
  the
• sister division (NPD) (EURISYS MEASURES
  Rel. eff.
• 40, Res. 2 keV. And Canberra)
• Scraper frame and manual corers.
• Ring mill

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• Sieving set with shaker
• Mackereth corer for sediment core samples from
• reservoirs
• Special boat with winch for Mackereth corer.
• Motorized soil corer with all accessories
  Augers for soil core samples, Ovens, Grinder,
  Weighing
• balances
• Soil- 6
• Surveying instrument
• Facilities for application of environmental
  isotopes
• Three Liquid Scintillation Spectrometers
• Four Mass Spectrophotometers
• Sample preparation system for isotopes like
  2H, 18O, 13C,
• 34S, 15N, 3H, 14C etc. (Locally fabricated)

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• Facilities for applications of artificial
  radiotracer
• Nuclear research reactors (PARR-I) and
  radioisotope
• production facilities
• A number of scintillation detectors (up to 3
  x3) / GM
• tubes, counting sets, X-Y plotters,
• MINEKIN sets for radiation detection in the
  field
• Facilities for chemical analysis
• Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Hitachi)
• Flame Photometer
• Gas Analyzer
• Microprocessor Ion Selective Electrodes
• UV/ Visible Spectrophotometer
• XRD, XRF (sister division, NPD)
• Facilities for pesticide analysis (available at
  NIAB)
• HPLC, GC, ELISA

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STAFF TRAINING

• Participation in Training Workshops
• (1) One participant in Cs-137 Techniques
• (2) One participant in Pesticide
  Contamination
• Scientific visits
• (1) Mr. Waheed Akram, two weeks from 27
  October to
• 8 November 2003
• (2) Mr. Jamil A. Tariq, two weeks from 23
  February to
• 5 March 2004 (China Australia)

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FUTURE INPUTS FROM IAEA

• a. Training fellowship (2 MM)
•  
• b. Equipment and consumables
• c. Sub-contract
• d. Expert Mission

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FIELD STUDIES

• (a) A test of hypothetical hill-slope-streambed
  soil
• redistribution model using 137Cs
  technique
• (b) Soil redistribution and pesticide
• contamination in cultivated fields at
  Fateh
• Jang
• (c) Soil erosion from Satameel Catchment-2
• (Rawal watershed)
• (d)  Soil erosion and sedimentation in Sandaymar
  
• catchment and dam reservoir