Impact of Environmental Dimensions on Oil Industry

1
Impact of Environmental Dimensions on Oil
Industry
2
TERI Technologies
3
Sources of Environmental Impact

• Exploration ? Underwater explosions (250 db)
  ?disturbs communication and navigation of aquatic
  animals.
• Drilling ? Muds oil, heavy metals, chemicals
  (CI, BCD, O2X, detergents ? Land and water
  pollution (3826 MTs oil discharged in offshore in
  Britain in 1996)
• Processing ? Rigs Pipelines ? Noise, Light,
  Land water pollution. Flaring of gas ? Global
  warming Climate Change.
• Refining ? SOx, NOx, Cox, SPM to Air, Solid waste
  to Land and Liquid effluent to water pollution.
  
• Storage ? Tank Bottom Sludge, Crude Oily Sludge,
  Emulsion Oily Sludge, Oily Sludge in Pit Air,
  Water Land pollution.
• Transportation ? Oil Spill , Leakage of pipe line
  ? Water Land (Farmers agricultural land).
• Accidents ? Oil Contaminated Site, Ship breaking
  at sea ? water land pollution. (223 oil spill
  in UK in 1996, Fire in Oil India Ltd, India,
  2005)
• War ?Land, Sea water pollution ? Gulf War 1991,
  Lebanon Bombing etc.

4
Sources of Environmental Impacts

5
Sources of Environmental Impacts

6
Sources of Environmental Impacts

7
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
8
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination
9
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

• Effect on soil quality
• Oil contaminated soil looses its fertility for
  more than 20 years.
• The texture and other physicochemical
  characteristics of the soil gets affected.
• The mites and other insects cant survive in oil
  contaminated land leading to major imbalance in
  the food chain.
• Oil contamination has adverse effect on seed
  germination. Farmers loose its crops and are not
  able to grow agricultural crops for years after
  years.
• Effect on economy of the farmers.
• Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological
  habitat
• A large percentage of the oil spills gets spread
  over the surface of the stagnant aquatic system
  resulting anaerobic environment in the water
  below the surface. This leads to death of the
  natural flora and fauna where oxygen is the key
  element for their respiration.
• Physical and chemical alteration of natural
  habitats of the fresh water ecosystem.

10
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

• Effect on Fresh water Eco-system and ecological
  habitat
• Physical smothering effect and lethal or
  sub-lethal toxic effects on the aquatic life
• Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning,
  Loss in flight, Poisoning etc.
• Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs,
  liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal
  organs of the aquatic birds and animals.
• Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and
  reptiles
• Plants covered by the oil, unable to
  photosynthesize.
• Oil spill significantly reduce the density of
  invertebrates and taxonomic richness at least 5
  km downstream.
• Some fish species has been found with altered
  tracheal gills
• impregnated with tar like substance.

11
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

• Effect on Marine Eco-system and ecological
  habitat
• Displacement of fish and other aquatic animals
  due to noise pollution by underwater explosion.
• A large percentage of the oil spill gets
  emulsified and solidified along with sea shore,
  clinging to sand, rock and stone.
• Physical and chemical alteration of natural
  habitats such as when oil is incorporated into
  sediments
• Physical smothering effect on the marine life
• Lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the marine
  life
• Aquatic birds suffer from Hypothermia, Drowning,
  Loss in flight, Poisoning etc.
• Crude oil exposure may cause damage to lungs,
  liver, kidneys, intestines and other internal
  organs of the aquatic birds and animals.
• Reproductive Impairment in birds, fish and
  reptiles
• Plants covered by the oil, unable to
  photosynthesize.
• Changes in the marine ecosystem resulting from
  oil effects on key organisms e.g. increased
  abundance of intertidal algae following the death
  of limpets, which normally eat the algae.

12
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

• Effect on human health
• Long term exposure to crude oil contamination
  leads to severe diseases to human and other
  animals.
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of
  the major components found in crude oil are
  highly health hazard like skin erythema
  (reddening), skin cancer, sinonasal cancer,
  gastrointestinal cancer, and bladder cancer.
• Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapours causes
  headache, nausea, dizziness, respiratory
  irritation.
• Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX),
  the key components of crude oil causes mutations,
  cancers, birth defects, endocrine disruptions,
  nervous disorders, and liver disease, carcinogen,
  effect on CNS, depression, irregular heartbeats.

13
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

• Effect on air quality
• The ambient air quality gets affected because of
  high carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
  nitrogen oxides (NOx), SPM (fine and respirable
  suspended particulate matter), VOC (volatile
  organic compounds) etc.
• Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects
  on human health. Health effects range anywhere
  from minor irritation of eyes and the upper
  respiratory system to chronic respiratory
  disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and death.
  Air pollution has been shown to cause acute
  respiratory infections in children and chronic
  bronchitis in adults. It has also been shown to
  worsen the condition of people with pre-existing
  heart or lung disease. Among asthmatics, air
  pollution has been shown to aggravate the
  frequency and severity of attacks. Both
  short-term and long-term exposures have also been
  linked with premature mortality and reduced life
  expectancy.
• Air pollutants can also indirectly affect human
  health through acid rain, by polluting drinking
  water and entering the food chain, and through
  global warming and associated climate change and
  sea level rise.

14
Environmental Threats of Oil Contamination

• Effect on climate change
• Continuous gas flaring is a major source of green
  house gases which has great impact on climate
  change. This results in global warming, flooding,
  coastal erosion, rise in sea level, massive
  population migration and loss of infrastructure.
• There is chance of adverse impact on human health
  and loss of life due to heat waves, extreme
  weather events, contaminated water supply, air
  pollution and increased transmission of disease.

15
Environmental Protection Measures

• Environment Management Practices (EMP)
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Environmental Management System (ISO 14000)
• Occupational Health Safety and Society (OHSAS
  18000)
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Environmental protection measures are taken to
  minimize pollution in water, air, land and
  biological environment by improving the
  environmental performance.

16
Environmental Protection Measures

• Caring for the Climate initiative
• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India and
  Tata Steel are among the companies that have
  recently joined a UN climate change initiative
  for business leaders, according to the UN Global
  Compact, which partners industry.
• Some 230 companies from around the world have
  signed up for this Caring for the Climate
  initiative since it was launched in 2007.
• The CEOs of these companies have to pledge their
  commitment to caring for the environment.
• As many as 150 of the worlds top 500
  corporations are its members. There are also 74
  country networks and India is very strong. It
  was formed in Mumbai in 2000.
• Shri R S Sharma, CMD of ONGC and also President
  of the Indian arm of United Nations Global
  Compact.

17
Environmental Protection Measures
18
Environmental Protection Measures
19
Environmental Policy and Regulations

• International and national policies developed.
• The basic legislations, rules and regulations
  covering environmental dimensions of the
  petroleum sector.
• The petroleum (production) (seaward areas)
  regulation act 1988 provides that the licensees
  are obliged to operate in a proper and
  workmanlike manner in accordance with methods and
  practice customarily used in good oil field
  practice.
• The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally
  binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases
  emissions worldwide, entered into force on 16th
  February, 2005.
• Each country has to create its own policy based
  on own circumstances.
• In India TERI is co-operating with the government
  regulatory authorities like Ministry of
  Environment and Forest (MOEF), Central Pollution
  Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control
  Board (SPCB), for developing various policies
  related to environment.

20
Environmental Policy and Regulations
Dr. R.K.Pachauri, Director-General, TERI, India
Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), is also the advisor to
Government of India for Climate Change
Policy. Dr Pachauri accepts the Nobel Peace
Prize 2007 on behalf of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change at a presentation
ceremony held in Oslo on 10 December 2007.
21
Environmental Policy and Regulations

• Acts Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil
  Industries
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
  Act, 1974
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
  Rules ,1975
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
  Cess Act 1977 Cess (Amendment ) Act, 2003
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
  Cess Rules, 1978 
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
  Act, 1981 amended 1987
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
  Rules ,1981 amended 1983
• The Environment (Protection ) Act , 1986
• The Environment (Protection ) Rules ,1986 amended
  2005
• Environment (Siting for industrial projects)
  Rules 1999
• Declaring coastal stretches as coastal Regulation
  Zone (CRZ) 1991
• The Hazardous Waste (Management Handling)
  Rules,1989 amended 2003, further amended 2008.
• The Manufacture, storage and import of hazardous
  chemicals Rules 1989 amended 2000

22
Environmental Policy and Regulations

• Acts Rules by Govt. of India applicable to Oil
  Industries
• The Biomedical Waste Rules (Management and
  Handling) ,1998 amended 2003
• The Noise pollution ( Regulation Control )
  Rules, 2000 amended 2002
• The Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning,
  preparedness response ) Rules, 1996
• The Batteries ( Management Handling )
  Rules.2001
• The Ozone Depleting substances (regulation
  Control) Rules 2000
• The Public Liability and Insurance Act , 1981
  amended 1992
• The Public Liability and Insurance Rules, 1981
  amended 1993
• The National Environment Appellate Authority Act,
  1997
• The National Environment Appellate Authority
  (Appeal) Rules, 1997
• The National Environmental Tribunal Act. 1995

23
Bioremediation An Ecofriendly Solution For
Treatment Of Petroleum Waste
24
Conventional methods for remediation of Oil
Contamination

• Land filling
• Incineration
• Air Spurging
• Natural Remediation (like evaporation of VOCs,
  auto oxidation, and photo oxidation, etc.)
• Surfactants
• Chemical dissociation, dumping in injection
  wells, etc.
• Land farming

25
What is Bioremediation ?

• Bioremediation Naturally occurring
  microorganisms for remediation of harmful
  substances to nontoxic compounds.
• Used for clean up of oil spills, oily sludge, oil
  contaminated site, oil contaminated water , any
  other type of contamination like pesticide
  contamination etc.
• End product CO2, water cell biomass
• More Economical Environment-friendly compared
  to other conventional methods, like incineration
  etc.

26
Comparison with other methods
Parameters Techniques for disposal Techniques for disposal
Parameters Conventional methods Bioremediation technique
Efficiency Containment of toxic wastes to some extent, complete removal is not possible. Complete removal of toxic waste is possible.
Applicability Application is limited. In-situ application is not possible, subject to availability of land and machinery. In some cases the process is not easy to handle. Application is universal (can often treat water, soil, sludges etc). In-situ application is possible and land requirement is minimal. The process is easy to handle.
Liability Present Eliminated
Land requirement Separate land is required for the treatment. Treatment can be done in-situ, hence separate land requirement is not there.
Environment friendliness Not environment friendly. Directly or indirectly generates secondary pollutant. Quite environment friendly method. The end product is CO2, water and dead biomass that helps to regain the fertility of the contaminated soil.
Water Pollution There is always a chance of water pollution. No chance of water pollution.
Air pollution There is always a chance of air pollution. No chance of air pollution.
Cost High Minimal
27
Comparison with other methods
Method Environmental impact Cost of remediation  (USD/ton contaminated soil)
Incineration Air pollution 400-1200
Surfactants Water/ Land pollution 200-300
Bioremediation Environment friendly (negligible pollution) 20-200
28
Development of the consortium Oil Installations
in India
29
Development of the consortium

• Isolation of microbes capable of hydrocarbon
  degradation
• 15 different oil contaminated sites identified
  (in India)
• Different geo-climatic regions
• Different level of contamination and types of
  contamination
• Age and history of contamination
• 324 bacterial strains were screened (from 15
  sites)
• Four bacterial strains were finally selected

30
Composition of Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
Crude Oil
Alkane Fraction
Aromatic Fraction
NSO Fraction
Asphaltene Fraction

• Straight Chain Compound
• Branched Chain Compound
• Cyclic Compound

• Monocyclic Aromatics
• Polycylic Aromatic

31
The Microbial Consortium
A microbial consortium was developed, comprising
of 4 different strains of microbes which can eat
up oil contamination in soil. Can work in
different climatic conditions i.e. 150C 600C
temp, upto 6 salinity etc. Not pathogenic and
not harmful to the environment. Can degrade the
oil contamination very quickly (normally 4 6
months time) Easy to handle.
32
Mechanism of Action
33
Microbial Products of TERI
34
TERIs experience on Bioremediation
35
TERIs experience on Bioremediation
36
Application Process Steps
1. Site preparation 2. Installation of Bore wells
(Optional) 3. Transfer of oil contaminated
soil 4. Application of microbial consortium to
the oil contaminated soil 5. Application of
nutrients to the oil contaminated soil 6. Tilling
and watering 7. Sampling oil contaminated soil
and ground water 8. Sample Analysis Monitoring
Bioremediation
37
Application Process Steps
38
Monitoring of Bioremediation Job
Monitoring of TPH Monitoring of Fractions of
TPH Monitoring of Soil quality Monitoring of
Ground water quality Monitoring of Microbial
population
39
Composition of oily sludge undertaken for
bioremediation
40
Biodegradation of TPH
South Santhal CTF, ONGC, Mehsana Asset, India
41
Biodegradation of TPH
CPF,Gandhar, ONGC, Ankleshwar Asset, India
42
Biodegradation of Alkane Aromatic fractions of
TPH
43
Preparation of bioremediation site
44
Application of Microbial Consortium
45
Tilling of bioremediation site
46
Watering of bioremediation site
47
Sampling at the bioremediation site
48
From waste OIL To fertile SOIL
49
From waste OIL To fertile SOIL
50
Bioremediation of oily sludge at BPCL Refinery,
Mumbai
Before bioremediation
After bioremediation
51
Bioremediation of oil contaminated water at
Duliajan (Assam)
Before Bioremediation
After Bioremediation
52
Bioremediation site at Oil India Ltd. (Dikom)
After bioremediation by Oilzapper
Before bioremediation
53
Bioremediation site in CTF, Geleky, Nazira, ONGC,
Assam
After Bioremediation by oilzapper
Before Bioremediation
54
Bioremediation site at Mathura refinery
After bioremediation
Before bioremediation
55
Soil Fertility Vs. Bioremediation
56
Fish culturing after bioremediation
Natural vegetation after bioremediation
Site before bioremediation
Site after bioremediation
Aquatic birds in site filled with water
Fish culturing in site filled with rain water
after bioremediation
57
Pathogenecity Test
58
Soil Toxicity Study
Type of test Fish toxicity study Samples
studied Sample 1 Soil sample from the
bioremediation site of Barauni refinery before
bioremediation Sample 2 Soil sample from the
bioremediation site of Barauni refinery after
bioremediation Test method IS 6582 ( P-II )
2001 Results Sample 1 No survival of fish in
one part sample one part water Sample 2 100
fish survival in one part sample one part water
59
Heavy metal in soil before and after
Bioremediation
20000 ppm
Total concentration
BD Below detection limit (1 ppb)
60
Soil Characteristics before and after
Bioremediation
61
Ground water characteristics before and after
Bioremediation
Zn
5 ppm
1 ppm
0.07
0.06
Mn
0.1 ppm
1.5 ppm
0.03
0.04
Cu
1 ppm
1 ppm
0.01
0.01
Ni
5 ppb
1 ppm
0.001
0.003
Pb
5 ppb
0.5 ppm
0.003
0.002
0.002
Co
5 ppb
---
0.002
As
5 ppb
0.5 ppm
0.002
0.001
Cd
1 ppb
0.01 ppm
0.001
0.001
Cr (Total)
5 ppb
1 ppm
0.002
0.002
Se
0.5 ppb
0.5 ppm
BD
BD
Physico-chemical properties
pH
---
6 10
7.64
7.48
EC mS/cm
---
---
2.97
3.11
62
Publications

• S Krishnan, P M Sarma and Lal B. 2006.
  Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic
  characteristics of two desulphurizing bacterial
  strains, Mycobacterium phlei SM120-1 and
  Mycobacterium phlei GTIS10. Letters in Applied
  Microbiology. 42 483-489
• Prasad G S, Mayilraj S, Sood N, Singh V, Biswas
  K, and Lal B. 2005. Candida digboiensis sp.nov.
  a novel anamorphic yeast species from an acidic
  tar sludge-contaminated oil field. International
  Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary
  Microbiology 55 633638.
• Mishra S, Sarma P M, and Lal B. 2004. Crude oil
  degradation efficiency of a recombinant lux
  tagged Acinetobacter baumannii strain and its
  survival in crude oil contaminated soil
  microcosm. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 235
  323-331.
•   
• Sarma P M, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, and Lal B.
  2004. Assessment of intraspecies diversity among
  strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from
  sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
  Canadian journal of Microbiology. 50 405-414.
•  
• Sarma P M, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, and Lal B.
  2004. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic
  hydrocarbon by a newly discovered enteric
  bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata. Applied and
  Environmental Microbiology. 70 3163-3166.
•  
• Bhattacharya D, Sarma P M, Krishnan S, Mishra S,
  and Lal B. 2003. Evaluation of the Genetic
  Diversity among the Strains of Pseudomonas
  citronellolis isolated from oily Sludge
  Contaminated Sites. Applied and Environmental
  Microbiology. 60 1435-1441.
•  
• Mishra S., Jyot J., Kuhad, R., and Lal B., 2001.
  Evaluation of inoculum addition to stimulate in
  situ bioremediation of oily sludge contaminated
  soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
  671675-1682.
•  
• Mishra S., Jyot J., Kuhad, R., and Lal B., 2001.
  In situ bioremediation potential of an oily
  sludge degrading bacterial consortium. Current
  Microbiology 43 328-335
•  

63
Patents on OILZAPPER

• A process for enhanced recovery of crude oil from
  oil wells using novel microbial consortium.
  Patent No. PCT/IN 2004/000206. (International
  Patent)
• Bioremediation of acidic sludge. Patent No. 385.
  MUM/2004. 
• A process for enhanced recovery of crude oil from
  oil wells using novel multi-microbial strain.
  Patent No 892/DEL/2003.
•  
• Microbial nutrients for biodegradation of oil
  refinery waste and process for bioremediation of
  oily sludge and crude oil spill sites. Patent
  No 168/DL/2000.

64
Awards won by Oilzapper (Total 10 Awards
International National)
65
Users of OILZAPPER
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL),
India Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
(HPCL), India Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
(BPCL), India Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
Ltd. (ONGC), India Oil India Ltd (OIL), Assam,
India Cairn Energy Pty. Ltd., India BG
Exploration Production India Ltd.,
India Reliance Energy Ltd., India Mangalore
Refinery Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL),
India Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Kuwait. Abu Dhabi
National Oil Company (ADNOC), Abu Dhabi.
66
Acknowledgements
Dr. R. K. Pachauri, DG, TERI, India Department of
Biotechnology, Govt. of India IOCL RD Centre,
India Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), Govt. of India MOEF, CPCB
SPCB, Govt. of India Sheba Center for Strategic
Studies (SCSS), Yemen
67
My Team Members
68
For further clarifications, contact Ajoy Kumar
Mandal, Fellow Area Convenor Environment and
Industrial Biotechnology Division The Energy and
Resources Institute (TERI) Darbari Seth Block,
India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110
003, India. Tel [phone], 2111 Fax
91 11 2468 2144, 2145 E_mail
akmandal_at_teri.res.in Web http//www.teriin.org/
69
THANKS
70
Development of the consortium

• Different oil contaminated sites in India

Isolation sites (Regional location in India) Geographical location (Latitude Longitude) Geographical location (Latitude Longitude) Temp. range (0C) Total number of culturable bacterial strains isolated Total number of species among the bacterial strains
Isolation sites (Regional location in India) Latitude Longitude Temp. range (0C) Total number of culturable bacterial strains isolated Total number of species among the bacterial strains
IOCL, Mathura refinery ( N ) 27026? N 77043? E 10 40 30 14
IOCL, Barauni refinery ( E ) 25028? N 85059? E 19 35 16 8
IOCL, Haldia refinery ( E ) 22000? N 88005? E 15 35 26 6
IOCL, Gujarat refinery ( W ) 22016? N 73014? E 20 38 30 9
IOCL, Panipat refinery ( N ) 29023? N 76058? E 15 40 20 5
ONGC, Jorhat ( NE ) 26040? N 95035? E 10 35 11 4
Oil India Ltd., Duliajan, ( NE ) 27015? N 95015? E 10 35 26 12
IOCL, Digboi refinery ( NE ) 27015? N 95015? E 12 35 33 11
IOCL, Guwahati refinery ( NE ) 26009? N 91046? E 15 35 22 10
BPCL, Mumbai refinery, ( W ) 18056? N 72051? E 24 35 18 7
HPCL, Visakhapatnam ( S ) 17041? N 83017? E 21 42 19 6
CRL, Cochin refinery ( S ) 9055? N 76014? E 19 37 12 6
BRPL, Bongaigoan refinery ( N ) 22016? N 73014?E 18 32 13 6
Vadinar refinery ( W ) 23044? N 72039? E 15 45 16 3
Reliance refinery, Jamnagar ( W ) 22026? N 70026? E 15 45 32 3
Total 324 110
71
Development of the consortium

• Screening for the best degraders ( from Gujarat
  Refinery, IOCL, India)

72
Development of the consortium

• Screening for the best degraders ( from Gujarat
  Refinery, IOCL, India)

73
Degradation of oily sludge by selected bacterial
strains
With Bacterial Strain
Without Bacterial Strain
74
Biodegradation of alkane fraction of crude oil
75
Biodegradation of alkane compound by A.baumannii
76
Mineralization of alkane compound by A.baumannii
77
Biodegradation of aromatic fraction of crude oil
by A.odarans
78
Biodegradation of PAH compound by A.odorans
Fluoranthene
79
Mineralization of aromatic hydrocarbon compound
by A.odorans
80
Biodegradation of sulphur containing compound of
crude oil
81
Microbial count in oil contaminated soil during
bioremediation process
Time of treatment by microbial consortium TBC (CFU/gm.) of the soil samples at TBC (CFU/gm.) of the soil samples at TBC (CFU/gm.) of the soil samples at TBC (CFU/gm.) of the soil samples at
Time of treatment by microbial consortium Site I (Well no. 1) Site II (Well no. 205) Site III (Well no. 206) Site IV (Control site)
Zero day before application 1.2 X 104 3.1 X 104 2.6 X 104 1.8 X 104
Zero day after application 3.7 X 109 2.6 X 109 3.2 X 109 2.1 X 104
After 15 days 5.9 X 108 7.1 X 108 6.2 X 108 3.8 X 104
After 40 days 3.9 X 108 4.2 X 108 4.6 X 108 6.4 X 104
After 75 days 1.9 X 108 2.1 X 108 2.6 X 108 8.3 X 104
After 135 days 5.3 X 107 6.1 X 107 5.8 X 107 1.1 X 105
82
Lysimeter to demonstrate that leachate is clean
and free from oil for analysis of oily sludge