GLY 150: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Spring 2003, Lecture

1
GLY 150 Earthquakes and VolcanoesSpring 2003,
Lecture 1

• 01/13/2005

Puu O o Lava Pond, Kilauea, Hawaii
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992t
o1994.html
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AnnouncementsGLY 150 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

• There will always be a slide listing class
  announcements at the beginning of lecture
• Exam notices, homework information, lecture
  information, etc. will be included.
• Lecture notes will be available after class
• (without figures which can be viewed during
  the instructors office hours)
• A map of recent earthquakes and volcanic events
  will can be seen on the class web page.
  Discussion of any of these events may help with
  journal assignments

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Class DiscussionGLY 150 Earthquakes and
Volcanoes

• Review and relate various concepts presented in
  texts and lectures (test questions will be
  derived from the texts, lectures, and
  discussions)
• Discussion of recent seismic and volcanic events
• Dont be afraid to ask questions or make comments
  the class will be more fun if we discuss
  current events

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Magnitude CriteriaEarthquakes Spring 2005

• Great (devastating) M 8
• 0.3/yr w/ M 8.5 1.1/yr w/ M 8.0-8.4
• Major (extremely destructive) 7
• 3.1/yr w/ M 7.5-7.9 15/yr w/ M 7.0-7.4
• Strong (destructive) 6
• 56/yr w/ M 6.5-6.9 210/yr w/ M 6.0-6.4
• Moderate (damaging) 5
• 800/yr
• Light (not generally damaging) 4
• 6,200/yr
• Minor (not generally damaging) 3
• 49,000
• Micro (generally not felt) M
• 300,000/yr w/ M 2.0-2.9 700,000/yr w/ M
  0-1.9

blue
N.A.
tsunami
fatalities
countable aftershocks
EQ swarm
local interest
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Magnitude CriteriaVolcanic Eruptions Spring
2005

• Cataclysmic (12 hrs) VEI 6-8
• 39 known VEI 6, 4 known VEI 7, 0 known VEI
  8
• Very Large (1 - 12 hrs) VEI 5
• 84 known VEI 5
• Large (Explosive to severe w/ definite
  stratospheric injection, 1 - 12 hrs) VEI 4
• 278 known VEI 4
• Moderately Large (Explosive w/ possible
  stratospheric injection, 1-12 hrs) VEI 3
• 869 known VEI 3
• Moderate (Effusive-Explosive, 1-12 hrs) VEI 2
• 3477 known VEI 2
• Small (Effusive, 1 hr) VEI 1
• Non-explosive (Gently effusive) VEI 0

red
orange
green
denotes fatalities
From Table 3, Chapter 9, Decker Decker, 1998
tsunami
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Events this QuarterSpring 2003
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The Earth From Space
8
Plate Tectonics
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological
Survey
http//earthquake.usgs.gov/4teachers/index.html
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Earthquakes and VolcanoesNatural Disasters

• Civilization exists by geological consent,
  subject to change without notice
• Will Durant
• Infrastructure, economies, life, utilities,
  businesses, landscapes, housing, manufacturing,
  transportation (air, river, ground), climate,
  commerce, environment, etc.

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Worldwide Distribution of Earthquakes
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Earthquake Hazards WorldwideGround Shaking
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Earthquake Hazards in the U.S.Ground Shaking
http//geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/html/natlmap.html
(similar to Fig. 4.43 Pipkin and Trent)
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Earthquake HazardsGround Rupture Deformation
1906 San Francisco Earthquake, Pt. Reyes,
California
1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake
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1906 San Francisco Earthquake
San Francisco Row Houses (note fire in background)
San Francisco City Hall
Memorial Church, Stanford University
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/mainmeta.shtml
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Earthquake HazardsGround Shaking
1995 Kobe, Japan Earthquake
1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Parking Structure
1994 Northridge, California Earthquake
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/m2h?seg/
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Earthquake HazardsGround Shaking
1994 Northridge, California Earthquake
1994 Northridge, California Earthquake
1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/m2h?seg/
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2000 Republic Day Earthquake, Bhuj, India

• Mw 7.7
• At least 20,005 killed 166,836 injured
• 339,000 building destroyed 783,000 damaged
• Many roads and bridges damaged in Gujarat Province

The Cities
The Villages
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Earthquake HazardsGround Rupture
http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/m2h?seg/haz_v
olume1.menFaults,I13
1983 Borah Peak, Idaho
12-inch ruler
1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake
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Worldwide Distribution of Tsunami Producing Plate
Boundaries
Fig. 2.2 Bolt, 1999
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
25
Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
Before
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Indonesian TsunamiDecember 26, 2004
After
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Worldwide Distribution of Volcanoes
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Volcanic Hazards in the United States
Subduction Zone
Continental Hot Spot Track Yellowstone Hot Spot
Alaska and Hawaii
Fig. 5.2 Pipkin Trent, 2001
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Lava Fountaining
Mt. Etna, Italy, August 5, 1997.
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Puu Oo Eruption 1983
to Present
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Tephra/
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Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
Lava flows through the forest
Channel Flow
Puu O o Eruption 1983 to Present
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983t
o1986.html
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Types of LavaPahoehoe
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/

• Smooth, hummocky, or ropy texture
• Typically advances as a series of small lobes and
  toes that continually break out from cooled crust

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
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Tree Molds

• Kilauea Volcano,
• Hawaii

http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/
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Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
Lava deltas and new land
Puu O o Eruption, 1983 to Present
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992t
o1994.html
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Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
Tube Worms

• Hot magma near the surface induces hydrothermal
  circulation of water and the formation of
  hydrothermal vents

CoAxial Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Black Smoker
http//www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/coax/coax.html
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Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonBefore and After
the May 18,1980 Eruption
http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Photo/SlideSet/ljt_slide
set.html
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Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonMay 18,1980
Eruption
I
III
II
IV
V
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Mount Saint Helens, WashingtonMay 18,1980
Eruption Lateral Blast
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/Effects/MSHsurge
_effects.html
http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Blowdown/
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Volcanic HazardsLandslides and Lahars
Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Columbia
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/Ruiz
Lahars.html
A lahar destroyed the town of Armero, November
13, 1985
Casita Volcano collapsed on October 30, 1998, the
day of peak rainfall as Hurricane Mitch moved
across Central America
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/Casi
taLahar.html
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Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
Lava Repaves the landscape
Puu O o Eruption 1983 to Present

• There goes the neighborhood, literally

http//wwwhvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19
83to1986.html
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Volcanic HazardsLava Flows
Visitors Center at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
(Kilauea Volcano)
http//wwwhvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19
86to1991.html
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Volcanic HazardsAsh
Space Shuttle Image Image Rabaul Caldera
Eruption Cloud
Eruption Column
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Pinatubo/
Clark Air Force Base, Philippines 1991 Eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo
http//volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/
Redoubt Volcano, Alaska
http//www.avo.alaska.edu/avo4/atlas/volc/redou/ph
oto.htm
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Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii A Typical Rift Eruption
The lava entry

• Produces a steam plume and VOG (acidic)

Puu O o Eruption, 1983 to Present
http//hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986t
o1991.html
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Volcanic HazardsVolcanic Gas
Mammoth Mountain, Long Valley Caldera, California
1986, Lake Nyos, Cameroon