ATTRIBUTION TRAINING A cognitive technique for teachers

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ATTRIBUTION TRAININGA cognitive technique for
teachers
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Individuals tend to strive for success while
avoiding failure.
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Attributions are an individuals perception of
causes of events and outcomes.
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Motivation is the result of an individuals
perception that they can complete a complex task.
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In both failure and success, individuals
attribute their outcomes to one of four
causes1. Effort2. Ability3. Level of task
difficulty4. Luck
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Each attribution has three properties locus
of control stability controllability
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Three factors influence behavior. the
learners attributions prior to the task the
learners perceptions of the outcome
subsequent consequences
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The ideal attributionBoth success and failure
are attributed to effort because of its internal
causation, instability and controllability
characteristics.
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CLASSROOM IMPLICATIONS
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Teacher reactions impact on the students
attributions.
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Categories of teacher behavior setting of
task difficulty providing assistance
feedback goals structures perceived by
students reaction to student characteristics
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Studies show that teachers give five times the
number of negative feedback statements than
positive feedback statements.
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Performance goals tend to make students compare
their outcomes against those of their peers.
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The Pygmallion EffectAttributions as Antecedents
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Explain why the room is neat.
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With the antecedent attribution strategy, the
teachers would write or say You seem to
know your math assignments very well. You
really work hard in math. Youre trying
more, keep at it.
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With the persuasion strategy, the teachers would
write or say You should be good at
math. You should be getting better math
grades. You should be doing well in math.
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With the reinforcement strategy, the teachers
would say or write Im proud of your
work. Im pleased with your progress.
Excellent progress.
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External rewards punishments can prevent people
from making an internal attribution and thus
bringing the desired behavior under their own
control.
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The Good Player Awards
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There was a significant change in the crayon use
among the kids who were promised external reward.
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External forces can be effective if the receivers
believe that they have earned the external
factors for internal reasons.
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Keys to effective attributions It must be
applied in a situation where people are thinking
about why things happened. the explanation
must be an internal attribution.
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Attribution - the process through which we seek
explanations for, or try to identify the causes
of, the behavior of ourselves and others.
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Cognitive attribution errorsWe actually make
many errors and have predictable biases for our
attributions.
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Fundamental attribution errorThe tendency to
overemphasize dispositions for internal causes
and to underemphasize external causes in other
peoples behavior.
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Actor-observer bias - the tendency to attribute
our own behavior to the situation rather than an
internal dispositions.
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Self-serving bias - taking credit for success and
denying responsibility for failure.
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Group-serving bias - group member attribute
success to the groups skill and failure to
situational causes.
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Learned helplessness Seligmann - this cognitive
process is developed when people are repeatedly
exposed to uncontrollable events. These people
lose motivation, their feeling of personal
control is destroyed, they develop a negative
mind set display the opposite of the usual
attributional biases.
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Self-efficacy Bandura - our self perception
that we are able to and capable of performing in
a situation. People with high self-efficacy
expect favorable outcomes, are more motivated and
will persevere.