Locational and Land Partitioning System

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Locational and Land Partitioning System

• Locational Systems
• Longitude and Latitude Positions
• Universal Polar Stereographic
• World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)
• Grid Systems
• Reference Grids
• Plane Rectangular Grids
• Universal Transverse Mercator System
• Civilian System
• Military Grid Reference System
• State Plane Coordinate System
• Land-Partitioning Systems
• Unsystematic Divisions
• Metes and Bounds
• Bearings
• Systematic Subdivision (U.S. Public Land Survey)
• US public Lands
• Township gt Range gt Section gt Plats gt Quarters gt
  Quarter-Quarters
• Lots

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Why we need this systems?

• Provides a brief description of local and global
  systems for use in precise positioning,
  navigation, and geographic information systems
  for the location of points in space.
• There are many different coordinate systems,
  based on a variety of geodetic datums, units,
  projections, and reference systems in use today.

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Locational System

• Longitude and Latitude Positions
• Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
• World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)

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Latitude and longitude

• The most commonly used coordinate system today is
  the latitude, longitude, and height system.
• The Prime Meridian and the Equator are the
  reference planes used to define latitude and
  longitude.
• Not good for land partitioning because distance
  between these lines is variable
• Distance between meridians decreases toward poles
• One degree of latitude does not equal one degree
  of longitude except on the equator.

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Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)

• The Universal Polar Stereographic projection
  (UPS) is defined above 84 degrees north latitude
  and south of 80 degrees south latitude.
• The Eastings and Northings are computed using a
  polar aspect stereographic projection.
• Zones are computed using a different character
  set for south and north Polar regions.

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World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)

• The World Geographic Reference System is used for
  aircraft navigation.
• GEOREF is based on latitude and longitude.
• The globe is divided into twelve bands of
  latitude and twenty-four zones of longitude, each
  15 degrees in extent.

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Grid Systems

• Reference Grids
• Plane Rectangular Grids
• Universal Transverse Mercator System
• Civilian System
• Military Grid Reference System
• State Plane Coordinate System

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Reference Grids

• Supplements to map index
• Included in ATLAS and Street Maps
• Use letters to designate horizontal Bands and
  Number to designate vertical bands
• Shortcoming These grids are specific to
  individual maps

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Plane Rectangular Grids

• Superimposed on a map to provide an easily used
  locational system without introducing corrections
  for the curvature of the earth.
• Rectangular Coordinate Systems
• A map projection is made by transforming the
  spherical surface to a plane.
• A rectangular plane coordinate grid is placed
  over the map projection. The origin of the
  coordinate grid is often placed somewhere near
  the center of interest on the map. The
  perpendicular axes of the coordinate grid are
  usually made to coincide with straight-line
  meridians and/or parallels, if they exist.
• It is a standard practice for large-scale maps to
  be on conformal projections. Under such
  projections, coordinate reference grids maintain
  the accuracy you need to calculate directions and
  distances.
• Conventional way to specify a pair of coordinates
  is, first, to give X value called easting, and
  then Y value called northing.
• To further simplify calculation, both easting and
  northing coordinates are often made positive by
  shifting the origin to the southwest corner. To
  accomplish this, two arbitrary large values,
  called false easting and false northing, are
  given to the Y-axis and X-axis origin.
• Cartesian Co-ordinate System
• Origin (initial point), a unit of distance,
  x-axis, y-axis.
• The Cartesian coordinate system uses two axes
  one horizontal (x), representing east-west, and
  one vertical (y), representing north-south.
• Locations of geographic objects are defined
  relative to the origin, using the notation (x,y).
• Generally, the east-west first and the
  north-south coordinate second
• (e.g. 642000195000 or 642195)

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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

• Civilian System
• UTM coordinates define two dimensional,
  horizontal, positions.
• UTM zone numbers designate 6 degree longitudinal
  strips. The zones are numbered from 1 to 60
  eastward, beginning at the central meridian.
• UTM zone characters designate 8 degree zones
  extending north and south from the equator.
• Eastings are measured from the central meridian
  Northings are measured from the equator
• It is a metric system. The meter is the basic
  unit for measurement.

Widely adopted by topographic maps, satellite
imagery, natural resource databases, etc in the
US and other countries.
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

• Military Grid Reference System (MGRS)
• The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is an
  extension of the UTM system. UTM zone number and
  zone character are used to identify an area 6
  degrees in east-west extent and 8 degrees in
  north-south extent.
• UTM zone number and designator are followed by
  100 km square easting and northing identifiers.
• The system uses a set of alphabetic characters
  for the 100 km grid squares.
• Starting at the 180 degree meridian the
  characters A to Z (omitting I and O) are used for
  18 degrees before starting over.
• From the equator north the characters A to V
  (omitting I and O) are used for 100 km squares,
  repeating every 2,000 km.

A to V 22 Character (Remove I and O, left 20
character)
Depend upon accuracy reference is shortened
(round figure)
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State Plane Coordinate System

• The State Plane Coordinate system were developed
  in order to provide local reference systems which
  divides the U.S. into a hundred or more distinct
  grid surfaces (Zones).
• Some smaller states use a single state plane zone
  However, Larger states are divided into several
  zones.
• State plane zone boundaries often follow county
  boundaries.
• Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) projections are
  used for rectangular zones with a larger
  east-west than north- south extent.
• UTM projections are used for rectangular zones
  with a larger north- south than east-west extent.
• False origin is established outside the zone so
  that measurement gets positive value. (False
  Easting and False Northing)

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Land-Partitioning Systems

• Unsystematic Divisions
• Metes and Bounds
• Bearings
• Systematic Subdivision (U.S. Public Land Survey)
• US public Lands
• Township gt Range gt Section gt Plats gt Quarters gt
  Quarter-Quarters
• Lots
• Land Survey in Canada
• Patterns in Areas of French Settlements
• Patterns in Areas of English Settlements
• Westward Expansion

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Metes and Bounds, Bearings

• Metes and Bounds identify the boundaries of land
  parcels by describing lengths and directions of
  lines.
• Lines are described with respect to natural or
  artificial monuments and baselines defined by
  these monuments.
• The metes and bounds survey is based on a point
  of beginning, an established monument.
• Line lengths are measured along a horizontal
  level plane.
• Directions are bearing angles measured with
  respect to a previous line in the survey.
• Direction in metes and bounds survey are
  indicated by the use of bearings.

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U.S. Public Land Survey System

• INITIAL POINTS
• In each area an initial point is established by
  astronomical observations. There are 35
  Principal Meridians in the public lands systems
  based on 37 initial points.
• From each initial point a true north-south line
  called a principal meridian is established to the
  limits of the area to be covered.
• From each initial point a true east-west line
  called a base line is established to the limits
  of the area to be covered.
• PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS
• Parallels are run as true parallels of latitude
  24 miles apart north and south of base line.
• Standard parallels are numbered consecutively
  north and south of the base line, e.g. Second
  Standard Parallel North.
• Meridians are run as true meridians 24 miles
  apart east and west of the principal meridian
• Guide meridians are numbered consecutively east
  and west of the principal meridian, e.g. First
  Guide Meridian East.
• QUADRANGLES, RANGE AND TOWNSHIP LINES
• A quadrangle is divided into townships by running
  range (R) and township (T) lines.
• Range lines are true meridians running north at 6
  mile intervals on the base line and standard
  parallel lines.
• Township lines are true parallels established at
  6 mile intervals on the principal meridian, guide
  meridians, and range lines.

• Public lands are divided into quadrangles.
• Quadrangles are 24 miles on a side.
• Quadrangles are divided into townships (16).
• Each township is 36 square miles (6 miles x 6
  miles).
• Townships are divided into sections (36).
• Each section is 640 acres (1 mile by 1 mile).
• Sections can be subdivided in a variety of ways.

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U.S. Public Land Survey System

• TOWNSHIPS
• A township is identified by a unique description
  based on its principal meridian.
• North and south rows of townships are called
  ranges and are numbered consecutively east and
  west of the principal meridian.
• East and west rows of townships are called tiers
  (or townships) and are numbered in order north
  and south of the base line.
• DESCRIPTIONS OF LAND PARCELS
• Descriptions of land within the public lands
  system are designated by boundaries that are
  unique, clear, and concise. Examples
• Sec. 6, T 8 N, R 19 E, 5th PM.
• The SE1/2, SW1/4, Sec. 21, T 2 N, R 5 W, Ute
  Prin. Mer.E 80 acres, NE1/4, Sec. 14, T 15 S, R
  10 E, 6th PM.
• LOTS
• Land units where normal system of fraction cannot
  be applied
• Usually on edges of townships
• Stream or lake more than 25 acres is encountered
• MEANDER LINE
• When Lots are established, a line is called
  meander line surveyed along water bodys mean
  high water elevation.

• Public lands are divided into quadrangles.
• Quadrangles are 24 miles on a side.
• Quadrangles are divided into townships (16).
• Each township is 36 square miles (6 miles x 6
  miles).
• Townships are divided into sections (36).
• Each section is 640 acres (1 mile by 1 mile).
• Sections can be subdivided in a variety of ways.

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Land Survey in Canada

• Patterns in area of French settlements
• French Govt granted Large land holding called
  seigneuries having owner seigneurs.
• Seigneuries sub-divided in to lots called rotures
  (allocated to individual farmers)
• Sub-division was largely controlled by rivers,
  highway and communication links of the time
• Patterns in area of English settlements
• Lots of 100 to 300 acres surveyed in large
  rectilinear blocks
• Lots are approximately paralleling the irregular
  banks of rivers.
• Westward expansion
• Dominion land survey system (Canada land survey
  system) provide orderly framework for expansion
  into the prairies and the mountains of the west.
• It is basically same as in the USPLS (U.S. Public
  Land Survey)

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Cultural Influences

• The cultural landscapes provides insights that
  relate to aesthetics, conservations, pollution,
  land use, zoning, and myriad other concerns.
• Roman method of subdivision Centuriation a
  landscape of rural central Italy are long lasted.

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Miscellaneous Systems

• Postal Codes
• Maidenhead Grid Squares
• ATT, V and H Coordinate System
• Navigation System Coordinates (Useful for
  aircraft)