A F R I C A

1
AFRICA
African Rift, Valley grasslands, safari country,
early hominids originated here
2
Africa is a continent of diverse geographic
people, resources, culture, and
societies. North- Sahara- Arabic traders Nile
river valley West- Tropical Jungle, Niger River
is rich in natural mineral land EAST-Rift Valley
grasslands Animal reserves Southern- rich
resources, dry plateau.
3
A Satellite View

• The Sahara
• desert separates North/ Arabic
• from the Sub-Saharan/Black
• region

4
Africa

• History- points in early history
• Colonialism Legacy of
• Resources
• Sudan
• Rwanda
• Apartheid in South Africa
• History of South Africa
• White Afrikanner colonialism
• Apartheid
• Nelson Mandela
• Truth and Reconciliation

5
Mediterranean Sea
Atlas Mts.
Libyan Desert
The Complete Topography Of AFRICA
Tropic of Cancer 20 N
Red Sea
Sahara Desert
Nile River
Sahel
Niger River
L. Chad--gt
Great Rift Valley
lt--Gulf of Aden
L. Albert--gt
? Mt. Kenya
Equator 0
Congo River
L. Victoria
? Mt. Kilimanjaro
Indian Ocean
L. Tanganyika-gt
Ruwenzori Mts.
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Namib Desert
Kalahari Desert
Limpopo River
Tropic of Capricorn20 S
Orange River
Drajensburg Mts.
Pacific Ocean
6
Great Rift Valley
3,000 miles long
7
Mt. KilimanjaroSnow on the Equator?
8
Natural Resources
9
The African Savannah13 million sq. mi.
10
African Rain Forest

• Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft.
• Rapid decomposition (very humid).
• Covers 37 countries.
• 15 of the land surface of Africa.

11
Key points in Early African History

• Hominids orginate in Africa- five million yrs
  ago
• 5000 BC Ancient Egyptian civilizations in NE
  Africa domesticated animals, grew crops along the
  NILE- Art, Writing, Irrigation, Empire,
  Government, Architecture
• Ancient iron-age groups of people settled all
  parts of Africa with AGRICULTURE and

• TRADE of RESOURCES trading gold, copper,
  precious stones, animal hides, ivory and metal
  goods

12
Look at the Colored tribal regions And the gray
country boundaries
13
Early Africa

• There were many great empires in Sub-Saharan
  Africa over the past few millennia, especially in
  West Africa and Southern Africa where important
  trade routes and good agricultural land allowed
  large states to develop.
• CHRISTIANITY-spreads into north Africa Coptic
  Christians- Egyptians
• Trade between Mediterranean countries and West
  Africa across the Sahara Desert, was important
  and this is how
• Islam spreads into northern Africa in the
  700-1000
• The arrival of Islam created a significant
  political and social change
• Leaders converted to Islam- Arabic and Muslim law
  in administration
• Mix of Arab and Native culture
• The Portuguese explore and again spread
  Christianity into No and West Africa in the
  1500s.
• The DUTCH in the 1600s begin colonization of
  southern Africa

14
Africa and the age of exploration

• Portuguese explorers Vasco Da Gama and Prince
  Henry, the Navigator, were 1st to explore Africa
  looking for an oceanic route to the Indies.
  trading European wheat and cloth for African gold
  and slaves.
• The Portuguese wanted, to find a route to India
  and kept trying to circumnavigate Africa.
• Beginning in the 17th century, the Netherlands
  began exploring and colonizing Africa.
• To compete with the Portuguese, two Dutch
  companies were founded the West Indies Company,
  with power over all the Atlantic Ocean, and the
  East Indies Company, with power over the Indian
  Ocean.
• the Dutch built 16 forts in different places,
  partly overtaking Portugal as the main
  slave-trading power.
• The Dutch left a lasting impact in South Africa,
  a region ignored by Portugal that the Dutch
  eventually decided to use as station in their
  route to East Asia. They founded Cape Town in
  1652, starting the European exploration and
  colonization of South Africa.

15
Ancient African Societies
16
African Slave Trade

• The earliest African slave trade across
  the-Sahara.
• When camels were introduced into Africa from
  Arabia in the 900s slaves were carried north
  mostly as servants. Women became servants and
  became part of harems
• The Atlantic slave trade developed later, and
  would have a much bigger impact. As colonies in
  the New world grew the demand for slave labor
  grew.
• Workers were needed for agriculture, mining and
  other tasks. To meet this new demand, a
  trans-Atlantic slave trade developed. Slaves
  purchased in those West African regions known as
  the Slave Coast, Gold Coast, were often captives
  of internal warfare or were exchanged with
  European slave traders for firearms, rum, fabrics
  and seed grain.
• The AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE DEPLETED Africa of able
  bodied MEN and hurts their economic development

17
(No Transcript)
18
Slavery led to 7 million Africans being shipped
out of Africa
19
EuropeanNationalism
Industrial Revolution
Source for Raw Materials
MissionaryActivity
These create fierce competition Economic and
political motives overlap
European Motives For Colonization
Markets forFinishedGoods
Military NavalBases
SocialDarwinism
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
EuropeanRacism
Soc. Eco.Opportunities
WhiteMansBurden
20
Exploration to Colonization

• European exploration of Africa in the 17th and
  18th centuries was very limited. Instead they
  were focused on the slave trade, which only
  required coastal bases and items to trade. The
  interior exploration and colonization of the
  African interior would start well into the
  1800s.
• Many explorers felt that it was their duty to
  introduce Western civilization and Christianity
  to "savage" black African peoples
• SOCIAL DARWIN, SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, WHITE
  MANS BURDEN to IZE Civilize, Christianize,
  Westernize the native people

21
European Colonialism

• Imperialism- extending ones control over
  another
• Colonialism- annexing territory outright and
  establishing governments to rule over people
• Thru the 1800s the Industrial revolution and
  economic competition led European nations to
  COMPETE FOR COLONIES and the division of Africa.
  driven by small groups of wealthy financiers
• Europeans convene the BERLIN CONFERENCE 1844 to
  establish how AFRICA would be partitioned
  resulting in..
• Scramble for Africa- most sudden case of
  colonization 1875-1902 Europeans colonized 90 of
  Africa in less that 20 years
• Colonial Administration of colonies
• Europeans were encouraged to settle in colonies
  creating DOMINANT MINORITY SOCIETIES,
• Colonial administrators used one ethnic group
  over another the DIVIDE AND CONQUER technique
  giving one group power over another to
  administer. Thus was the case in RWANDA as we
  will see.
• In most cases colonial administrators could not
  fully administer the territories and relied on
  local power thus creating various factions with
  in the societies.

22
Legacy of European Colonialism

• European colonialism had a devastating impact on
  Africa.
• Africa is PLAGUED with, economic, political and
  humanitarian problems
• Profits from colonialism and empire building DID
  NOT MATCH EUROPEAN EXPECTATIONS
• Exploiting the native people and the land
• THIS led to major political problems b/c of
  random borders that were created without regard
  for ethnic groups and land
• WAR, corruption in military governments, famine,
  and disease all hamper economic progress.
• The struggle to rebuild is proving difficult.

23
Africas Problems

• The Legacy of European Colonialism has created
• Political corruption, Militaristic dictators,
  lack of respect for rule of law, human rights
  violations are all common reasons for some of the
  causes of Africas problems.
• The artificial boundaries created by colonial
  rulers brought together many different ethnic
  people within a new nation that did not reflect
  the cultural and ethnic diversity.

24
Current problems in Africa

• Dictatorship- no democracy little free enterprise
  and RAMPANT POLITICAL CORRUPTION and political
  Instability
• Health Epidemics- AIDS, clean water
• Lack of Infrastructure- roads, hospitals,
  schools, extracurricular opportunities.
• Inability to transform raw materials and natural
  resources to economic activity jobs
• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT lacks

25
The legacy of Belgian Colonialism

• King Leopold of Belgium-takes the Congo as his
  personal kings colony.
• He forced the natives to provide him with quotas
  of Ivory, rubber and other natural resources for
  his own personal wealth
• He started the brutality of natives by having
  their hands CUT OFF as a way to force them to
  provide him with resources.
• His forces would also take the women and children
  and brutalize them
• These practices were then taken by on by rebels
  and leaders as a system of brutality.

26
5-8 Million Victims! (50 of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers)
returning with the hands of the slain, and to
find the hands of young children amongst the
bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber
from this district has cost hundreds of lives,
and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to
help the oppressed, have been almost enough to
make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic
is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to
rise and sweep every white person on the Upper
Congo into eternity, there would still be left a
fearful balance to their credit. --
Belgian Official
27

• King Leopold's legacy http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
  africa/3516965.stm

28
South Africa

• Originally colonized by the Dutch then the
  British. A Dominant Minority Society was created
• Discovery of Diamonds, GOLD, wineries, Tourism,
  and European investments. Makes SA a modern nation

29
South Africa

• The system of Apartheid officially segregated the
  whites, mixed and blacks and oppressed and
  suppressed human rights.
• In 1994 After an anti-Apartheid movement.
  Apartheid ends and Nelson Mandela becomes the
  first black President
• Mandela credited Mahatma Gandhi as a major source
  of inspiration in his life, both for the
  philosophy of non-violence and for facing
  adversity with dignity.

30
(No Transcript)
31
1993 Black Hawk Down Occurs in SOMALIA
Genocide in Rwanda
1994 after years of ethnic fighting genocide
breaks out in Rwanda US DOES NOT WANT TO INTERVENE
32
A Brief History of Hutus and Tutsis

• Hutus first settled in the Great Lakes region of
  Central Africa between 500 and 1000 BC.
  Generally, Hutus were an agricultural people who
  lived in large family groups. They agreed to
  raise crops for the Tutsi in return for
  protection.
• The Tutsis, a tall, nomadic, warrior people, who
  began arriving in the Great Lakes region from
  Ethiopia some four hundred years ago, settled
  among the Hutus
• They intermarry - adopting their language,
  beliefs and customs, the two lived in harmony.

• The Hutu make up about 85 of the population and
  the Tutsi only about 15

33
Causes of the Hutu Tutsi conflict

• Colonialism identifies economic differences. The
  Tutsis as cattle-herders were often in a position
  of economic dominance to the soil-tilling Hutus.
  That is not to say that all Tutsis were wealthy
  and all Hutus were poor, but in many areas, like
  Rwanda, the minority Tutsis ruled the Hutus
• Colonial rule, in the late 19th Century, did
  little to bring the groups together.
• The Belgians, who ruled what would later become
  Rwanda and Burundi, saw the Tutsi, who were
  taller and a bit lighter, as superior to the
  Hutus
• They forced Hutus and Tutsis to carry ethnic
  identity cards. The colonial administrators
  further exacerbated divisions by only allowed
  Tutsis to attain higher education and hold
  positions of power
• The animosity of the Tutsis by the Hutus has
  grown since their independence

34
Before the Genocide

• Since the end of colonialism the fighting between
  Hutus and Tutsis has existed leading to the
  massacre of ½ a million and more in refugees
• 2,500 UN peace keeping forces have been in
  central Africa since 1990 overseeing a cease-fire
  accord agreement
• Belgian troops have also been stationed trying to
  keep ethnic tensions under control

35
The Genocide begins

• Hutus turned on Rwanda's Tutsi minority on the
  night of April 6, 1994, after a plane carrying
  the presidents of Rwanda and neighboring Burundi
  was shot down.
• Bands of Hutu thugs, working mostly with machetes
  and astonishingly relentless enthusiasm, killed
  almost 1 million men, women and children and
  turned another 2 million into refugees, all for
  the crime of being Tutsis

36
Genocide in Rwanda

• Between APRIL AND JUNE 100 days 800,000 Rwandans
  were Killed as the world stood by. (8000 per day)
• This Ethnic Genocide occurred between the HUTUs
  and TUTSIS.
• Most of the Victims were the Tutsis and moderate
  Hutus
• The Perpetrators--- were the Hutus led by an
  extremist group the Interahamwe.
• The west and the UN were aware of this massacre
  AS it was happening

37

• The Ethnic conflicts between Hutus and Tutsis
  created hundreds of thousands of refugees
  spilling over into neighboring Zaire and Burundi

38
800,000 killed in 100 days systematic slaughter
of men, women and children
1 million refugees
39
Lieutenant-General Roméo A. DallaireCommander of
the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

• Dallaire did everything he could, pleading for
  2000 more peacekeepers to be added to his
  insufficiently equipped 3000 man force.
• If they had answered Gen. Dallaire's pleas, the
  U.N. could have stopped the slaughter of hundreds
  of thousands of Rwandans. Instead, following the
  deaths of 10 Belgian Peacekeepers assigned to
  protect the President, most white Europeans left
  RWANDA and his forces were cut down from 3000 to
  a mere 500 men,
• A Good Man In Hell

40
Roméo A. Dallaire

• Gen. Romeo Dallaire, frustrated, and disheartened
  by the U.N.'s passive attitude, repeatedly
  confronted his superiors and the extremists.
• He was unable to prevent horrific events from
  unfolding.
• They essentially watched as one of the most
  horrible genocides in human history took place
  before their very eyes.

41
UN admits Rwandan genocide failure

• The United Nations Security Council has
  explicitly accepted responsibility for failing to
  prevent the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
• UN council members acknowledged that their
  governments lacked the political will to stop the
  massacres.

Massacre in church in Nibouye A technical college
in the south Project Rwanda- Orphanage
42
Why was there no U.S. response

• Clinton administration officials identify
  factors, including the "Somalia syndrome."
  Congress and the Clinton administration were
  reluctant to send U.S. troops into more
  humanitarian missions after the disastrous
  retreat from Mogadishu

• Rwanda was a country of no strategic importance
  and President Clinton has been criticized for
  lack of leadership and lack of national interest
  in responding to the genocide in Rwanda

43
End of the Genocide

• The Tutsi rebels, called the (RPF) Rwandan
  Patriotic Front led by the now president, Paul
  Kagame,
• Put an end to the massacre by overthrowing the
  Hutu leaders and capturing the capital Kigali.
• Elections have been held and both groups are
  represented in the government

Paul Kagame
44
DARFUR
45
About Darfur, Sudan

• The Sudan is located in North Africa. Neighboring
  countries include Chad, to the west, and Saudi
  Arabia, to the east across the Red Sea.
• Darfur is located in the western region of Sudan,
  Africa.

46
How It Began

• An outbreak of civil war in Darfur, entirely
  separate from Khartoums 21-year assault against
  the African peoples of southern Sudan.
• The people of Darfur rose up in a rebellion early
  in 2003 and militarily.
• The Islamic government of Sudan, is deliberately
  destroying the African tribal peoples of the
  region.
• What the U.N. and Western diplomats are calling
  ethnic cleansing, it is actually an ongoing
  genocide.

47
Genocide in Sudan

• Through a system of torture, rape and murder, the
  government sponsored Arab militia, known as the
  Janjaweed, has succeeded in killing almost one
  half million black tribal Africans since February
  of 2003. Their goal is to eliminate the black
  tribal African farmers in that region.
• WHY

48
Genocide in Sudan

• 4 million are starving.
• Estimated 500 people a day die in the region.
• Disease takes its toll on a great number of
  people in the refugee camps,
• There are inadequate medical supplies, shelter,
  food, as well as poor sanitation for the
  excessive number of people who need it. The
  international community has taken notice- the
  U.S. Congress recently labeled the situation in
  Darfur a genocide.
• A team of U.N. human rights investigators
  reported that the government and the Janjaweed
  have instituted a "reign of terror".

49
Genocide in Sudan

• Like in the Rwandan genocide in 1994, nothing
  substantial has been done to stop the atrocities
  in Darfur.
• Two "cease-fires", in 2004 and 2006, have not
  prevented the violence from continuing, and the
  situation is becoming increasingly dire.

50
A Genocide warning

• The Principal victims include the Dinka and Nuer
  peoples in southern Sudan and the Nuba in central
  Sudan.
• The Sudanese government a military regime based
  in the north led by Omar al- Bashir is Primarily
  responsible for the devastation.
• The genocide warning has been issued based on the
  following actions.
• 1. Divide and Destroy strategy of pitting ethnic
  groups against each other with enormous loss of
  civilian life.
• 2. The use of mass starvation as a weapon of
  destruction. Food supplies and livestock have
  been destroyed

51
A Genocide warning

• 3. Rape and enslavement of women and children by
  the government allied militia.
• 4. Bombings of hospitals, clinics, schools, and
  other civilian and humanitarian targets.
• 5. Disruption and Destabilization of the
  communities of those who flee the war zones to
  other parts of Sudan.
• Taken together these actions threaten the
  destruction of an entire group.

52
WHY

• OIL sits under the land in DARFUR and the Arab
  military government, which came to power after a
  Coup take over of a democratically elected
  government, can get OIL revenues only if it gets
  the land.
• Why Target China?
• China is the leading foreign investor in Sudan,
  with an annual trade value of roughly 1 billion.
  In the past several years,
• China has developed a number of oil fields, built
  a 900 plus mile pipeline, as well as a refinery
  and a port. Sudan represents China's largest
  overseas investment, worth at least 3 billion,
  and Sudan is the third largest supplier of oil to
  China.
• China's trade in oil with Sudan has close
  connections with arms dealing. Many of the
  helicopter gunships used by Khartoum were
  purchased from China using expected revenues from
  oil extracted in South Sudan.
• Amnesty International has documented the effect
  of China's arms exports to Sudan, noting that
  Chinese equipment has been used by the Government
  of Sudan and Janjaweed in operations in Darfur.

53
CHINA

• It is incumbent upon China to do all it can to
  address the tragedy in Darfur and Chad. As a key
  supplier of arms and funds to the Khartoum
  government, China is especially responsible for
  the continued violence in Darfur at the hands of
  the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed.
• Furthermore, by virtue of its close relationship
  with the Government of Sudan, China is one of
  only a few actors that can exert pressure to end
  the targeting of civilians in Darfur, and fulfill
  commitments Khartoum has made to disarm the
  Janjaweed and adhere to its responsibility to
  protect civilians in Sudan.

54
The Death Toll

• The death toll exceeds 100,000 and may be more
  than 400,000
• About 2 million civilians have been driven from
  their homes, their villages torched and their
  property
• thousands of women raped