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SQL - Part 2

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Title: SQL - Part 2

1
SQL - Part 2

Much of the material presented in these slides
was developed by Dr. Ramon Lawrence at the
University of Iowa

2
SELECT Statement Overview

SELECT ltlist of column expressionsgt
FROM ltlist of tables and join operationsgt
WHERE ltlist of logical expressions for rowsgt
GROUP BY ltlist of grouping columnsgt
HAVING ltlist of logical expressions for groupsgt
ORDER BY ltlist of sorting specificationsgt
Expression combination of columns, constants,
operators, and functions

3
Example Relations

Relations
Emp (eno, ename, bdate, title, salary, supereno,
dno)
Proj (pno, pname, budget, dno)
Dept (dno, dname, mgreno)
WorksOn (eno, pno, resp, hours)
Foreign keys
Emp Emp.supereno to Emp.eno, Emp.dno to Dept.dno
Proj Proj.dno to Dept.dno
Dept Dept.mgreno to Emp.eno
WorksOn WorksOn.eno to Emp.eno, WorksOn.pno to
Proj.pno

4
Example Relation Instances
5
But First Join Revisited

Cross Product Style
How many columns in the output table?

SELECT FROM emp, dept WHERE emp.dnodept.dno

Natural Join Style
How many columns in the output table?

SELECT FROM emp NATURAL JOIN dept
SELECT FROM emp INNER JOIN dept USING
(dno) SELECT FROM emp INNER JOIN dept ON
emp.dno dept.dno

Alternative SQL92 styles
How many columns in each output table?

6
More Join Practice

Relational database schema
Return a list of all department names, the names
of the projects of that department, and the name
of the manager of each department.
Return the names of all projects and the names of
the employees who have worked on each project.
Return the names of all employees who are
supervisors.

emp (eno, ename, bdate, title, salary, supereno,
dno) proj (pno, pname, budget, dno) dept (dno,
dname, mgreno) workson (eno, pno, resp, hours)
7
Ordering Result Data

The query result returned is not ordered on any
attribute by default. We can order the data using
the ORDER BY clause
SELECT ename, salary, bdate
FROM emp
WHERE salary gt 30000
ORDER BY salary DESC, ename ASC
'ASC' sorts the data in ascending order, and
'DESC' sorts it in descending order. The default
is 'ASC'.
The order of sorted attributes is significant.
The first attribute specified is sorted on first,
then the second attribute is used to break any
ties, etc.
NULL is normally treated as less than all
non-null values.

8
Aggregate Queries and Functions

Several queries cannot be answered using the
simple form of the SELECT statement. These
queries require a summary calculation to be
performed. Examples
What is the maximum employee salary?
What is the total number of hours worked on a
project?
How many employees are there in department 'D1'?
To answer these queries requires the use of
aggregate functions. These functions operate on a
single column of a table and return a single
value.

9
Aggregate Functions

The five basic aggregate functions are
COUNT - returns the of values in a column
SUM - returns the sum of the values in a column
AVG - returns the average of the values in a
column
MIN - returns the smallest value in a column
MAX - returns the largest value in a column
Notes
COUNT, MAX, and MIN apply to all types of fields,
whereas SUM and AVG apply to only numeric fields.
Except for COUNT() all functions ignore nulls.
COUNT() returns the number of rows in the table.
Use DISTINCT to eliminate duplicates.

10
Aggregate Function Example

Return the number of employees and their average
salary.
SELECT COUNT(eno) AS numEmp, AVG(salary) AS
avgSalary
FROM emp

11
GROUP BY Clause

Aggregate functions are often most useful when
combined with the GROUP BY clause. The GROUP BY
clause groups the tuples based on the values of
the attributes specified.
When used in combination with aggregation
functions, the result is a table where each tuple
consists of unique values for the group by
attributes and the result of the aggregate
functions applied to the tuples of that group.

12
GROUP BY Example

For each employee title, return the number of
employees with that title, and the minimum,
maximum, and average salary.
SELECT title, COUNT(eno) AS numEmp,
MIN(salary) as minSal,
MAX(salary) as maxSal, AVG(salary) AS avgSal
FROM emp
GROUP BY title

Result
13
GROUP BY Clause Rules

There are a few rules for using the GROUP BY
clause
1) A column name cannot appear in the SELECT
part of the query unless it is part of an
aggregate function or in the list of group by
attributes.
Note that the reverse is true a column can be in
the GROUP BY without being in the SELECT part.
2) Any WHERE conditions are applied before the
GROUP BY and aggregate functions are calculated.

14
HAVING Clause

The HAVING clause is applied AFTER the GROUP BY
clause and aggregate functions are calculated.
It is used to filter out entire groups that do
not match certain criteria.

15
HAVING Example

Return the title and number of employees of that
title where the number of employees of the title
is at least 2.
SELECT title, COUNT(eno) AS numEmp
FROM emp
GROUP BY title
HAVING COUNT(eno) gt 2

Result
16
GROUP BY/HAVING Example

For employees born after December 1, 1965, return
the average salary by department where the
average is gt 40,000.
SELECT dname, AVG(salary) AS avgSal
FROM emp NATURAL JOIN dept
WHERE emp.bdate gt DATE 1965-12-01'
GROUP BY dname
HAVING AVG(salary) gt 40000
Step 1 Perform Join and Filter in WHERE clause

17
GROUP BY/HAVING Example (2)
Step 2 GROUP BY on dname
Step 3 Calculate aggregate functions
Step 4 Filter groups using HAVING clause
18
GROUP BY Examples

Return the average budget per project
SELECT AVG(budget)
FROM proj
Return the average of hours worked on each
project
SELECT pno, AVG(hours)
FROM workson
GROUP BY pno
Return the departments that have projects with at
least 2 'EE's working on them
SELECT proj.dno, COUNT()
FROM proj, workson, emp
WHERE emp.title 'EE' and workson.enoemp.eno
and workson.pno proj.pno
GROUP BY proj.dno
HAVING COUNT() gt2

19
Multi-Attribute Example

Return the employee number, department number and
hours the employee worked per department where
the hours is gt 10.
SELECT W.eno, D.dno, SUM(hours)
FROM workson AS W, dept AS D, proj AS P
WHERE W.pno P.pno and P.dno D.dno
GROUP BY W.eno, D.dno
HAVING SUM(hours) gt 10

Result
Question 1) How would you only return
records for departments D2 and D3?
20
GROUP BY Practice Questions

Relational database schema
Emp (eno, ename, bdate, title, salary, supereno,
dno)
Proj (pno, pname, budget, dno)
Dept (dno, dname, mgreno)
WorksOn (eno, pno, resp, hours)
Return the highest salary of any employee.
For each project, return its name and the total
number of hours employees have worked on it.
For each employee, return the total number of
hours they have worked.
Calculate the average of hours spent per
project in each department.

21
Conceptual Evaluation Process
22
Conceptual Evaluation Lessons

Row operations before group operations
FROM and WHERE before GROUP BY and HAVING
Check row operations first
Grouping occurs only one time

23
Conceptual Evaluation Problem

Relational database schema
Student(StdSSN, StdFirstName, StdLastName,
StdCity, StdState, StdMajor, StdClass, StdGPA,
StdZip)
Faculty(FacSSN, FacFirstName, FacLastName,
FacCity, FacState, FacDept, FacRank, FacSalary)
Faculty_1(FacSSN, FacSupervisor, FacHireDate,
FacZipCode)
Offering(offerNo, CourseNo, OffTerm, OffTerm,
OffYear, OffLocation, OffTime, FacSSN,OffDays)
Course(CourseNo, CrsDesc, CrsUnits)
Enrollment(OfferNo, StdSSN, EnrGrade)
Example 15 from your text List the number of
offerings taught in 2006 by faculty rank and
department. Exclude combinations of faculty rank
and department with less than two offerings
taught.

24
Conceptual Evaluation Problem (cont)

List the number of offerings taught in 2006 by
faculty rank and department. Exclude combinations
of faculty rank and department with less than two
offerings taught.
SELECT FacRank, FacDept,
COUNT() AS NumOfferings
FROM Faculty, Offering
WHERE Offering.FacSSN Faculty.FacSSN
AND OffYear 2006
GROUP BY FacRank, FacDept
HAVING COUNT() gt 1

25
Query Formulation Process
26
Critical Questions