Energy From Fossil Fuel

1
Energy From Fossil Fuel

• Chapter 12

2
Energy Sources and Uses

• Harnessing Energy Sources An Overview
• A. advances in technology has been tied to the
  development of energy sources
• in early times that was muscle power (animal or
  human)
• gradually water power and wind power were
  developed, and to some extent, energy from the
  sun.

3

• The Industrial Revolution was based on the
  development of the steam engine.
• First firewood was used and then coal was
  substituted.
• 1. Coal became the dominant fuel from the end of
  the 1800s into the 1940s.
• coal was used for heating cooking and industrial
  processes
• in the 1920s, 80
• By 2002, 22

4

• Air pollution was a major problem
• the source of the famous pea soup fogs.
• 2. Oil Rules
• by the late 1800s the internal combustion engine
  wa developed as well as oil drilling technology.
• This was an alternative to steam power.
• Replaced coal fired steam engines with oil fueled
  engines.
• This improved air quality.
• It was only in the 1960s that polulution from
  cars became a problem.

5

• Power to weight ratios became very important
• a gasoline engine weighs a fraction of what a
  steam engine of the same power weighs.
• By 1951 crude oil became the dominant energy
  source for the nation
• makes up 38 of total US energy
• 35 of global energy
• In Eastern Europe and China coal is still the
  ominant fuel
• Coal provides 22 of US demand.

6

• Gas too
• Natural gas is the third primary fossil fuel
• found in association with oil
• made mostly of methane, it produces only CO2 and
  H2O when it burns
• most gas released from oil field is vented and
  burned - as waste of valuable fuel
• natural gas satisfies about 23 of US demand
• Gas, Oil, and Coal provide 83.5 of US energy
  consumption and 79.5 of the world consumption.

7

• B. Electrical Power Production
• electricity is a secondary energy source because
  it depends on a primary energy source to turn a
  generator.
• Over 33 of fossil fuel production is used to
  generate electricity.
• In 1950 this was only 10
• Generators are coils of wire passing through a
  magnetic field causing a flow of electrons. This
  process converts mechanical energy into
  electrical energy

8

• The reverse (use electrical energy to turn an
  axel or wheel, you have a motor).
• To generate electricity, a turbogenerator is used
  some source of fuel is used to boil water
  creating steam that drives a turbine that is
  attached to a generator.
• The furl source can be coal, oil, water, or
  nuclear energy
• in the future, maybe burning refuse or solar
  power will be used.

9

• 1. Fluctuations in demand
• Electricity comes from the grid. This grid
  consists of many power stations that are
  responsible for balancing energy supply and
  demand, regardless of fluctuation.
• demand cycle see the Weekly demand cycle, Plants
  are turned on and off as demand rises. Water is
  allowed to run through a dam when needed.
• A deficiency in available power will prompt a
  brownout (reduction in voltage) or a blackout
  (loss of power).

10

• Blackouts and brownouts are a serious threat on
  our economy as we are very much electricity
  dependent.
• Is electricity a clean energy source?
• It is nonpolluting at the point of its use.
• To get the energy, coal, hydropower, nuclear
  energy or another energy source must be used.
• Coal is the major source of acid deposition.
• Hydropower displaces people, farmland, wildlife
  and disrupts migration of fish.

11

• Matching sources to uses
• Primary energy use is divided into four
  categories
• Transportation
• Industrial processes (direct use of coal, oil,
  etc)
• Commercial and residential use (direct use of
  coal, oil, etc)
• Generation of electrical power (secondary energy
  use) that goes into industrial processes and
  commercial and residential use
• Be sure to look at figure 12-10 in the book and
  consider the waste heat that is generated as the
  energy is consumed. This tells you something
  about the efficiency of the energy use.

12
Exploiting Crude Oil

• How are fossil fuels formed
• Coal is derived from plant material that lived in
  swamps and shallow seas that thrived in the
  Mesozoic and Paleozoic.
• The plant material did not rot but was submerged
  in soil in anaerobic conditions. It was
  converted by pressure to coal
• Microscopic organisms that lived in seas
  (phytoplankton and zooplankton) was converted
  under similar conditions into oil. Or natural gas.

13

• Fossil fuels may still be forming through natural
  processes to this day.
• We are using fossil fuels faster than they ever
  formed.so we cannot say that these fuels are
  renewable resources.
• It would take 1000 years to accumulate the
  organic matter that the world consumes in one day.

14
Crude Oil Reserves Versus Production

• Geologists may guess where the worlds reserves
  are located
• These educated guesses are the worlds estimated
  reserves.
• Drilling would determine the extent and depth of
  the oil field.
• That amount then becomes proven reserves.
• Amounts are measured in barrels (42 gallons)

15

• Oil is a viscous fluid. It is not in a
  convenient pool ready to be pumped to the
  surface.
• Oil is locked in sedimentary rock like water is
  held in a sponge.
• Much of the oil might be under pressure. This
  pressure might develop a gusher.
• These gushers are short lived. The oil then
  seeps sloply from the rock into a well from which
  it is pumped out.
• Generally only 25 of the oil in an oil field can
  be removed by pumping.

16

• 50 60 more can possibly be removed, but it is
  more costly because it involves injecting brine,m
  steam or other substances into the wells. This
  is called secondary or tertiary recovery.
• No company will spend more money to extract oil
  than it expects to make selling the oil.
• Oil was 10/barrell in the late 1990s. The
  price Tuesday was over 70/barrell.
• This increased cost will justify reopening old
  oil fields to extract the oil left behind.

17
Declining U.S. Reserves and Increasing Importation

• Up to 1970, the US was largely oil independent
• In 1970, new discoveries fell short, production
  decreased, but consumption continued to grow
  rapidly.
• To fill the energy gap, the US depended more and
  more on imported oil, primarily from Arab
  countries. Europe and Japan did likewise.
• Imported oil was cheap, 9.19 per barrel in 2002
  dollars.
• The US and other industrialized countries became
  more and more dependent on oil imports.

18

• A group of Arab countries formed OPEC.
  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• They agreed to restrain production in order to
  get higher prices
• OPEC also initiated an embargo on oil sales to
  countries that gave military and economic support
  to Israel.
• This led to spot shortages and widespread panic.
• We paid
• OPEC resumed shipments at a price of 29/barrell
  in 2002 dollars. (4X the previous price)

19

• OPEC has forced prices higher and higher.
• This led to inflation in the 1980s and
  recessions in the 1990s.
• The purchase of foreign oil remains the single
  largest factor in our balance of trade deficit

20
Adjusting to Higher Prices

• So what did we do.
• Step up exploratory drilling
• Construction of the Alaska pipeline
• Reopen fields that had been closed down
• To decrease consumption
• Standards were set for automobile fuel efficiency
  (new average was to be 27.5 mpg)
• New speed limits 55mph
• Goals for energy efficiency (insulation)
• Development of alternative energy resources
• To protect against another OPEC boycott
• Strategic oil reserve created (599 billion
  barrels of oil stockbpiled) 59 days worth

21

• BUT when the price is low, the economic returns
  or savings may not justify the necessary
  adjustments.
• As we entered the 1980s the adjustments were
  having an impact
• Consumption of oil was declining
• Discoveries in Mexico, Africa and the North Sea
  made the world less dependent on OPEC oil.
• OPEC was unable to restrain its own production,
  world oil production exceeded consumption and
  there was an oil glut.

22

• So then what happened?
• World oil prices crashed in 1986 from the high
  20s to 14/barrell.
• Considering inflation, oil prices were almost as
  low as they were in the early 1970s.
• SOOPEC cut production just as East Asia was
  coming out o a recession, rise in demand brought
  on a shortfall in the oil supply, the price of
  crude oil rose. OPEC promised to increase
  production and primised to aim towards a price of
  22-32 per barrel.

23

• Wellsince oil prices fell, exploration became
  more costly as wells are drilled deeper and in
  more remote locations.
• Production from older oil fields was terminated
  This devastated the economics of Texas and
  Louisiana
• Conservation efforts and incentives were
  abandoned.
• Government standards for fuel efficiency were
  frozen at 27.5 mph.
• Speed limits were set at 65 and 75 mph.

24

• tax incentives were terminated. This destroyed
  emerging new businesses engaged in solar and wind
  energy
• Grants for R and D were cut sharply.
• Need for conservation and for the development of
  alternative ways to provide transportation seems
  to have largely passed from the mind of the
  public.
• US production of crude oil has continued to drop,
  this includes Alaska. But consumption has risen.
• Consumers began buying vehicles that were less
  fuel efficient.

25
Problems of Growing US Dependency on Foreign Oil

• 1. cost of purchasing oil
• 2. the risk of supply disruptions due to
  political instability in the Middle East
• 3. Ultimate resource limitations
• We continue to contribute to the trade deficit by
  being dependent on foreign oil.
• The price at the pump is generally the same
  regardless of whether the oil is produced here or
  abroad.
• If we are buying our own oil, the money
  circulates within our own economy, providing jobs
  and services.
• Cost of oil spills

26
Persian Gulf Oil

• Maintaining peace in the Middle East is vital to
  our oil interests.
• We fought for an ongoing presence in the Persian
  Gulf region in 1991 when Sadam Hussein armies
  were thrown from Kuwait.
• This angered Al Qaeda, which led to 9/11 attacks.

27

• So, was the real motivation behind the war to
  gain access to Iraqs oil reserves?
• As a result of the war, the Iraqi museum was
  looted of priceless historical artifacts
• It has become clear that the US and Britain
  arent simply going to commandeer Iraqs oil but
  they will be part of the renewal effort of the
  Iraqi oil industry.
• Considering the cost of maintaining a military
  presence in the Persian Gulf, we were paying the
  equivalent of 91/barrel in 2002.

28

• We are now importing oil from Canada, Venezuela,
  Columbia, Mexico and Russia. Several African
  countries are important new potential sources of
  oil.
• Resource Limitations
• So how much is left?
• We have probably reached the point where
  production has tapered off and the world has
  entered an era of rising oil prices.

29

• USGS
• Their estimate is that there are undiscovered
  reserves of 732 BB of oil remaining in unknown
  fields and 688 BB in known fields. (this is not
  based on proven reserves).
• The 21 century will become known as an era of
  declining oil use.
• As oil becomes more scarce OPEC will again
  dominate the world oil market.
• In light of this, we should reduce our dependency
  on foreign oil
• HOW?

30

• 1. Increase the fuel efficiency of our
  transportation system.
• 2. use other fossil fuels to make fuel for
  vehicles
• 3. develop alternatives to fossil fuels

31
Other Fossil Fuels

• Natural gas is gradually coming into use as a
  fuel for vehicles.
• Most of this fuel is currently being used for
  heating and cooking but is increasingly being
  used for generating electrical power.
• The supply of proven reserves of natural gas is
  close to 50 years.
• Cars can be converted (about 1000 to run on
  natural gas)
• It is a clean burning fuel, dos not produce
  sulfur oxides.

32

• Natural gas can be converted to a hydrocarbon
  that is liquid at room temperature (synthetic
  oil).
• This fuel is currently (2003) only about 10 more
  expensive than oil.
• But, dont forget that natural gas is not
  limitless. It will not b a sustainable solution.

33

• King Coal
• 51 of electricity comes from coal fired power
  plants in the US.
• We produce more coal than we use
• We export about 4 of our coal.
• Mining is hazardous
• Coal is mined either by strip mining or surface
  mining
• Underground fires and land subsidence are
  problems. There is a fire in a coal area in
  Pennsylvania that could burn for another 100
  years.

34

• In strip mining, the entire ecology of an area is
  destroyed
• Federal regulations require that a strip mined
  area be reclaimed (graded and replanted)
• In the west water limits may prevent the
  ecosystem from being reestablished.
• Coal Power
• Once the coal reaches a typical power plant, 8000
  tons of coal is burned each day. This releases
  20,000 tons of carbon dioxide and 800 tons of
  sulfur dioxide each day.
• Most of this is can be removed with scrubbers if
  the plant has them.
• The waste produced is 800 tons of fly ash and 800
  tons of boiler ash residue daily. This will go
  into a special land fill.

35

• Coal can be cleaned to remove the sulfur. The
  Clean Air Act of 1990 made changes as to the
  amount of SO2 that could be released into the air
  but there are still greenhouse gas emissions
  being released.
• Coal can be converted into a liquid or gas fuel.
  These are referred to as synfuels.
• So far these synfuels are too expensive to
  produce. These would be profitable only if oil
  rose to 60-70 barrel.
• The conversion process creates by-products that
  pollute the environment.

36

• Oil Shales and Oil Sands
• Oil Shale is a fine sedimentary rock that
  contains a mixture of solid wax like hydrocarbons
  called kerogen. There is a lot of it in CO, UT,
  WY
• The shale has to b heated to release the
  hydrocarbon vapors
• The process also requires large amounts of water
  which is a precious resource in the above states.
• Oil Sands contain bitumen. When heated the
  bitumen can be melted out. Oil Sands are found
  in Alberta Canada. Canada is commercially
  exploiting the oil sands because production is
  commercially profitable.

37

• Fossil Fuels and Energy Security
• From 1973-1995 we had a reduction in energy
  growth due to steps taken after the oil crisis of
  the 1970s but we have slipped back into our old
  ways.
• How does our oil dependence threaten our national
  security?
• We imported 105 billion dollars worth of oil in
  2002.
• Most of this oil is for transportation. There is
  no substitute for it.
• Each time oil supply drops, the price rises
  rapidly and brings on inflation, a drop in the
  GNP and a recession.
• Continuing to rely on oil from OPEC is asking for
  economic and political trouble in the future

38

• Energy infrastructure
• Our whole energy network present attractive
  targets for terrorists
• Continuing involvement in the Middle East has
  angered potential terrorists
• Nuclear power plants are particularly vulnerable.
• Other areas are vulnerable also. The
  Trans-Alaska pipeline was shut down for three
  days after a hunter shot a hole in it.

39

• Global Climate Change we continue to meet our
  energy needs with fossil fuels. This will effect
  climate change. Coal, oil and natural gas
  produce CO2 as a byproduct.
• There is overwhelming evidence that the
  greenhouse gas emissions of the 20th century have
  increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and
  a rise in global temperatures.
• This will cause polar melting and a rise in sea
  levels.
• This will also cause shifts in precipitation
  patterns, droughts, heat waves and extreme storms.

40

• Supply side Policies
• The National Energy Policy Report produced in
  2001 estimated that over the next 20 years oil
  consumption will increase 30, natural gas by 50
  and electricity by 45. Their recommendations
• Opening the ANWR to gas exploration and
  production
• Add 1,300 1,900 coal fired electrical power
  plants in the next 20 years
• Provide tax incentive encouraging energy
  production from fossil and nuclear fuels

41

• Streamline the permitting process for drilling
  and hydropower licensing. Establish new
  electrical transmission lines
• Expedite the planning of a natural gas pipeline
  to bring Alaskan natural gas to the lower 48.
• Provide support to the efforts of other countries
  to develop their oil and gas resources nad
  pipelines
• Require by executive order that all federal
  agencies issuing regulations which could
  adversely affect energy supplies or use to
  document the energy impacts of the regulations
  and propose alternatives to the action.

42

• The Cheney report recommended building more
  nuclear power plants, resolving the nuclear waste
  repository problems, and developing alternative
  energy sources.
• This sounds like business as usual and
  represses a supply side policy.

43

• Demand side policy would reduce our energy needs
  and make it more possible to move into a future
  where renewable energy can become the ruling
  technology
• Conservation
• Cars that double fuel efficiency from 13 to 27.5
  mpg (CAFÉ, or corporate average fuel economy) are
  satisfying their transportation needs with only
  half the earning expenditure of energy and
  dollars.
• There is still more conservation to be done.
• If we can get to a 40 mpg CAFÉ by 2012, that
  woulde save 1.9 million barrels per day.

44

• The Bush administration has raised the CAFÉ for
  light trucks, SUVs and minivans to 22.2 mpg but
  has not touched the CAFÉ for cars.
• This is being perceived as a victory for car
  manufacturers and the steel and oil industries.
• Apparently the Cheney group received most of its
  advice from those industries.
• CHPs
• Combined heat and power. According to this
  methodology, a factory or large building installs
  a small power plant that produces electricity and
  heats the building with the waste heat. This
  would achieve an efficienty of 80.

45

• Combined cycle systems In this unit, two
  turbines are used. The first burns natural gas
  in a conventional gas turbine. The second is a
  steam turbine that runs on excess heat from the
  gas turbine. The cost of combined cycles systems
  is half that of coal burning plants. Pollution
  is much lower
• Deregulation Much of the money spent on power
  is delegated towards new power plants. So we are
  spending money for something that is not even
  built yet. Shareholders should pay for this.

46

• If energy suppliers were selling their services
  at a free market rate, the consumer would be able
  to choose the cheapest supplier.
• Appliances refrigerators and freezers are used
  in every home. Changes in technology have
  reduced the energy demand per unit tp ¼ what it
  was in 1974.
• Seeing the light fluorescent lights are between
  20 and 25 efficient. Incandescent light bulbs
  are only 5 efficient. Why build new power
  plants when people can replace incandescent bulbs
  with fluorescent bulbs and save energy dollars?

47

• Most lighting in U.S. homes is produced by
  inefficient incandescent light bulbs or
  moderately efficient fluorescents. A switch from
  incandescents to compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs
  can result in up to a 75 decrease in energy use.
  A typical CFL will save over 50 in replacement
  bulb and electricity costs over its lifetime.
• The best targets for conversion to CFLs are
  60-100W bulbs used several hours a day. In
  addition, CFLs eliminate the cost of buying and
  installing at least a dozen ordinary bulbs. CFL
  bulbs now come in a wide variety of sizes and
  shapes making it possible to replace almost any
  incandescent bulb. Some newer CFLs are also
  capable of producing a warmer light which is
  closer to the light produced by incandescents
  than that produced by some earlier CFLs.

48

• Each CFL can prevent the emission of between
  1,000-2,000 lbs. of carbon dioxide from entering
  the atmosphere, and between 8-16 lbs. of sulfur
  dioxide (the cause of acid rain). CFLs run cooler
  than incandescents and halogens, minimizing fire
  hazards and reducing the cost of cooling in
  summer. CFLs also last up to seven years, which
  saves you the expense and hassle of frequent
  light bulb replacements.

49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)