Population Exposure to Air Pollution

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Population Exposure to Air Pollution (PEOPLE
Population Exposure to Air Pollutants in
Europe) Emissions and Health Unit Institute for
Environment and Sustainability (IES) Ispra,
Italy http//ies.jrc.cec.eu.int
http//www.jrc.cec.eu.int
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The PEOPLE behind PEOPLE Citizens 2000 screened
and 1000 participated

• Robert Field, Pascual Perez Ballesta, Antonia
  Baeza, Richard Connolly, Natale Cao, Emile De
  Saeger and Giovanni De Santi
• Pascal DeMulder and Sandrine Bladt for Brussels
  (1)
• Ana Cabral, Pedro Ferraz de Abreu, Francisco
  Ferreira, Hugo Tente, Luisa Nogueira for Lisbon
  (6)
• Matej Gregoric and Peter Otorepec for Ljubljana
  (2)
• Emilia Niciu for Bucharest (1)
• Rosalia Fernandez and David Galan for Madrid
  (1)
• Martin Fitzpatrick, Anne Marie McCarten and Pat
  Goodman for Dublin (2)

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PEOPLE project Population Exposure to Air
Pollutants in Europe
Bucharest Ljubljana 27 May 2003
Madrid 03 December 2003
AIRPECO/APHEIS
Brussels
Dublin 28 April 2004
Lisbon
Anti Smoking Legislation
22 October 2002
Indoor Air Quality
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Main PEOPLE Objectives

• Assessment of human exposure to air pollution
• Air monitoring network design and validation
• Support to local, national and European decision
  making
• Improving public awareness of air quality
• Comparison between European cities

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All air quality roads lead to health impact
Ambient Air quality surrogate for human exposure?

• Are monitoring sites representative of the air
  we breath?
• Most monitoring at background sites (Pollutant
  dependent)
• Less hot spot sites (Country dependent)
• Different focus for indoor monitoring
• Influence of personal choices on exposure
  levels

A real need for human exposure data
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Sampling Techniques
from 12 to 24 hours
Diffusive Sampling Techniques (Benzene and
Aromatic Compounds) Low Volume Samplers
(PM10 and speciation PAH, HM)
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Outdoor ambient air levels
Benzene Median 4.1 µg/m3
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Indoor ambient Environments
Aged
Fresh
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Benzene exposure levels
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Case Study Madrid
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Movement diary

• Simple one side diary questions on reverse side
• Used to provide data and ensure sample
  integrity
• Sampler and diary are easy to use

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Multivariable regression based on the movement
diaries and exposure values
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Exposure factors
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Median time of activities for Madrid sample
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Average Exposure Level for 12 hours
B
8.5 µg/m3
B Smoker
14.8 µg/m3
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Average Exposure Level for 12 hours
A
10.6 µg/m3
A Smoker
16.8 µg/m3
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Position of Madrid campaign day in 2003
Median CBG benzene concentration 3.4 µg/m3
(annual average)
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A tale of six cities
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Relating ambient air with population exposure
12 hours working day
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Conclusions

• Traffic was identified as the major source of
  outdoor pollution.
• Indoor pollution levels were controlled by
  external air quality and presence of indoor
  emission sources.
• Exposure factors were estimated for Aromatic
  compounds within different microenvironments.
• Preliminary assessment indicates that population
  exposure can be adequately measured in snapshot
  campaign studies.
• Ambient background and hotspot concentration
  levels can be used as indicators for the general
  exposure level of the population to gaseous
  pollutants.