Contextual Factors

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Contextual Factors

• Identity

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Structure

• Overview
• Content
• Process
• Summary

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Overview

• My self-assessment
• Reading assignment
• Tracys and Kates Lifeline
• Contextual factors Career development process
  class activity
• Identity Discussion, Audio, and Activity
• Mental health service utilization by people of
  color (ethnic minorities) in the U.S.
• SPARC Activity ?
• Lifeline presentations

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Contextual career factors

• Educational Attainment
• Gender
• Median Household Income
• Institutional Racism (Race/Ethnicity)

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The United States of America

• http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37000.html
  

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Educational Attainment

• Determinant of class and status
• Highest educational attainment usually associated
  with the highest household income and wealth
• Professional degree (1.5)
• Doctorate (1.2 1.4 men, 0.6 women)
• Masters (7-9)
• Bachelors (18-27)
• Associates degree (18.1)
• Some college (52.5)
• HS (84.6 32.2)

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Educational Attainment and Gender

• In 2003, more females (85) completed high school
  than males (84)
• Men earned more college degrees than women
• In the overall population, there are slightly
  more men with a Bachelors degree (29) or higher
  than women (26)
• The number of women completing a four year
  college degree increased by 7 percentage points
  compared to 4 percent for men
• Gender gap seems to widen as educational
  attainment increases

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Educational Attainment and Race

• People ages 25 and older who have a college
  degree by race
• 50 (62) Asian
• 30 (34) White (non-Hispanic)
• 17 (17) African American
• 11 Hispanic
• Asian individuals had the highest proportion of
  college graduates

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Educational Attainment and Race

• High school diploma by race
• 89 White
• 87 Asian
• 80 Blacks
• 57 Hispanic

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Educational Attainment and Income

• Income increases significantly with higher
  educational attainment for men and women
• The income gap, however, remains between races
  and genders at each educational level

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(No Transcript)
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Occupations by gender

• Science and Technology Professionals
• Teaching and Research Professionals
• Health and Social Welfare Associate Professionals
• Administrative and Secretarial Occupations
• Process, Plant, and Machine Operative Occupations
• Personal Service and Sales and Customer Service
  Occupations

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Median Household Income

• Not the same as Family Net Worth
• Asian 57,513
• White (non-Hispanic) 48,977
• Hispanic 34,241
• American Indian or Alaskan Native 32,866
• Black 30,134

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Median Household Income
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Distribution of Household Income

• Top 1.5 250,000
• Top 5 157,000
• Bottom 5 7,500 or less
• Bottom 10 10,500 or less

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Median Household Income
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Median Household Income
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HHS Poverty Guidelines
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Institutional Racism

• Differential access to the goods, services, and
  opportunities of society by race
• Manifests in material conditions and access to
  power
• Material conditions differential access to
• quality education
• sound housing
• gainful employment
• appropriate medical facilities
• clean environment

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Institutional Racism

• Power differential access to
• information (including ones own history)
• resources (including wealth and organizational
  infrastructure)
• voice (including voting rights, representation in
  government and control of the media)

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Identity

• Discussion from reading
• Frank Defords commentary
• Class Activity

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Counseling Diverse Populations

• The percentage of People of Color that terminate
  counseling after one session
• 50
• White Americans?
• 30
• The single most important explanation for the
  problems in service delivery (for ethnic
  minorities) involves the inability of therapist
  to provide culturally sensitive forms of
  treatment (Sue Zane, 1987)

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Counseling Diverse Populations

• Other things being equal, ethnic minority clients
  prefer an ethnically similar counselor over an
  ethnically dissimilar counselor (Atkinson Lowe,
  1995)
• Ethnically similar case manager and client dyads
  resulted in more total client visits than did
  ethnically dissimilar dyads

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Counseling Diverse Populations

• Ethnic minority clients involved in
  ethnicity-specific mental health programs are
  more likely to continue beyond one session and to
  stay for more total sessions than those minority
  clients involved in conventional mental health
  programs (Takeuchi et al., 1995)
• Culturally appropriate treatment provided in a
  culturally familiar context was apparently a more
  important determinant of use than having an
  ethnically similar mental health practitioner

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Counseling Diverse Populations

• For the most part, participation in an
  ethnicity-specific program produced a higher
  return rate and more total number of treatments
  regardless of whether clients were ethnically
  matched with their practitioner
• Ethnic minorities are more likely to utilize
  mental health services when these minorities
  constitute a majority of the clients being served
  (Snowden Hu, 1996)

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Lifeline

• Parental attitudes toward their children bring
  about certain personalities in the child (Roe,
  1957)
• Personality orientation develops toward or away
  from people
• Occupational selections of individuals are based
  on personality orientation

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Parental Attitudes

• Concentration on the child
• Overprotective
• Over-demanding
• Avoidance of the child
• Emotionally rejected
• Neglect
• Acceptance of the child
• Casual acceptance
• Loving acceptance

• Overprotective/ Over-demanding
• Wish to be in strong relationship to others
• Rejection
• Attitudes against, rather than towards people
• Rather work with data and things than people
• Accepting
• Likely to prefer working with people rather than
  data or things.

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Research support

• No evidence that early child-raising patterns
  predict later occupational entry
• Within an occupation, people may select
  activities that indicate an orientation either
  toward or away from people